按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
peculiar barbarous speech。＇7＇ （The monks）； however； who had （given up
the worldly life） and quitted their families； were all students of Indian
books and the Indian language。 Here they stayed for about a month； and
then proceeded on their journey； fifteen days walking to the north…west
bringing them to the country of Woo…e。＇8＇ In this also there were more
than four thousand monks； all students of the hinayana。 They were very
strict in their rules； so that sramans from the territory of Ts'in＇9＇ were all
unprepared for their regulations。 Fa…hien； through the management of Foo
Kung…sun； /maitre d'hotellerie/；＇10＇ was able to remain （with his company
in the monastery where they were received） for more than two months；
and here they were rejoined by Pao…yun and his friends。＇11＇ （At the end of
that time） the people of Woo…e neglected the duties of propriety and
righteousness； and treated the strangers in so niggardly a manner that Che…
yen； Hwuy…keen； and Hwuy… wei went back towards Kao…ch'ang；＇12＇
hoping to obtain there the means of continuing their journey。 Fa…hien and
the rest； however； through the liberality of Foo Kung…sun； managed to go
straight forward in a south…west direction。 They found the country
uninhabited as they went along。 The difficulties which they encountered in
crossing the streams and on their route； and the sufferings which they
19
… Page 20…
A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
endured； were unparalleled in human experience； but in the course of a
month and five days they succeeded in reaching Yu…teen。＇13＇
20
… Page 21…
A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
NOTES
＇1＇ An account is given of the kingdom of Shen…shen in the 96th of the
Books of the first Han dynasty； down to its becoming a dependency of
China； about B。C。 80。 The greater portion of that is now accessible to the
English reader in a translation by Mr。 Wylie in the 〃Journal of the
Anthropological Institute；〃 August； 1880。 Mr。 Wylie says： 〃Although we
may not be able to identify Shen…shen with certainty； yet we have
sufficient indications to give an appropriate idea of its position； as being
south of and not far from lake Lob。〃 He then goes into an exhibition of
those indications； which I need not transcribe。 It is sufficient for us to
know that the capital city was not far from Lob or Lop Nor； into which in
lon。 38d E。 the Tarim flows。 Fa…hien estimated its distance to be 1500 le
from T'un…hwang。 He and his companions must have gone more than
twenty…five miles a day to accomplish the journey in seventeen days。
＇2＇ This is the name which Fa…hien always uses when he would speak
of China； his native country； as a whole； calling it from the great dynasty
which had ruled it； first and last； for between four and five centuries。
Occasionally； as we shall immediately see； he speaks of 〃the territory of
Ts'in or Ch'in；〃 but intending thereby only the kingdom or Ts'in； having its
capital； as described in the first note on the last chapter； in Ch'ang…gan。
＇3＇ So I prefer to translate the character ｛。｝ （sang） rather than by
〃priests。〃 Even in Christianity； beyond the priestly privilege which belongs
to all believers； I object to the ministers of any denomination or church
calling themselves or being called 〃priests；〃 and much more is the name
inapplicable to the sramanas or bhikshus of Buddhism which
acknowledges no God in the universe； no soul in man； and has no services
of sacrifice or prayer in its worship。 The only difficulty in the use of
〃monks〃 is caused by the members of the sect in Japan which； since the
middle of the fifteenth century； has abolished the prohibition against
marrying on the part of its ministers； and other prohibitions in diet and
dress。 Sang and sang…kea represent the Sanskrit sangha； constituted by at
least four members； and empowered to hear confession； to grant
absolution； to admit persons to holy orders； &c。； secondly； the third
21
… Page 22…
A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
constituent of the Buddhistic Trinity； a deification of the /communio
sanctorum/； or the Buddhist order。 The name is used by our author of the
monks collectively or individually as belonging to the class； and may be
considered as synonymous with the name sramana； which will
immediately claim our attention。
＇4＇ Meaning the 〃small vehicle； or conveyance。〃 There are in
Buddhism the triyana； or 〃three different means of salvation； i。e。 of
conveyance across the samsara； or sea of transmigration； to the shores of
nirvana。 Afterwards the term was used to designate the different phases of
development through which the Buddhist dogma passed； known as the
mahayana； hinayana； and madhyamayana。〃 〃The hinayana is the simplest
vehicle of salvation； corresponding to the first of the three degrees of
saintship。 Characteristics of it are the preponderance of active moral
asceticism； and the absence of speculative mysticism and quietism。〃 E。 H。；
pp。 151…2； 45； and 117。
＇5＇ The name for India is here the same as in the former chapter and
throughout the book；T'een…chuh （｛。｝ ｛。｝）； the chuh being pronounced；
probably； in Fa…hien's time as tuk。 How the earliest name for India； Shin…
tuk or duk=Scinde； came to be changed into Thien…tuk； it would take too
much space to explain。 I believe it was done by the Buddhists； wishing to
give a good auspicious name to the fatherland of their Law； and calling it
〃the Heavenly Tuk；〃 just as the Mohammedans call Arabia 〃the Heavenly
region〃 （｛。｝ ｛。｝）； and the court of China itself is called 〃the Celestial〃 （｛。｝
｛。｝）。
＇6＇ Sraman may in English take the place of Sramana （Pali； Samana； in
Chinese； Sha…man）； the name for Buddhist monks； as those who have
separated themselves from （left） their families； and quieted their hearts
from all intrusion of desire and lust。 〃It is employed； first； as a general
name for ascetics of all demoninations； and； secondly； as a general
designation of Buddhistic monks。〃 E。 H。； pp。 130； 131。
＇7＇ Tartar or Mongolian。
＇8＇ Woo…e has not been identified。 Watters （〃China Review；〃 viii。 115）
says：〃We cannot be far wrong if we place it in Kharaschar； or between
that and Kutscha。〃 It must have been a country of considerable size to
22
… Page 23…
A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
have so many monks in it。
＇9＇ This means in one sense China； but Fa…hien； in his use of the name；
was only thinking of the three Ts'in states of which I have spoken in a
previous note； perhaps only of that from the capital of which he had
himself set out。
＇10＇ This sentence altogether is difficult to construe； and Mr。 Watters；
in the 〃China Review；〃 was the first to disentangle more than one knot in it。
I am obliged to adopt the reading of ｛。｝ ｛。｝ in the Chinese editions； instead
of the ｛。｝ ｛。｝ in the Corean text。 It seems clear that only one person is
spoken of as assisting the travellers； and his name； as appears a few
sentences farther on； was Foo Kung…sun。 The ｛。｝ ｛。｝ which immediately
follows the surname Foo ｛。｝； must be taken as the name of his office；
corresponding； as the ｛。｝ shows； to that of /le maitre d'hotellerie/ in a
Roman Catholic abbey。 I was once indebted myself to the kind help of
such an officer at a monastery in Canton province。 The Buddhistic name
for him is uddesika=overseer。 The Kung…sun that follows his surname
indicates that he was descended from some feudal lord in the old times of
the Chow dynasty。 We know indeed