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ance of the time； acquired unjustly great possessions； of which they justly lost the greatest part by their ambition and cruelty； which made them feared and hated by all their neighbors。
I have this moment received your letter of the 4th； N。 S。； and have only time to tell you that I can by no means agree to your cutting off your hair。 I am very sure that your headaches cannot proceed from thence。 And as for the pimples upon your head； they are only owing to the heat of the season； and consequently will not last long。 But your own hair is； at your age； such an ornament； and a wig； however well made； such a disguise； that I will upon no account whatsoever have you cut off your hair。 Nature did not give it to you for nothing； still less to cause you the headache。 Mr。 Eliot's hair grew so ill and bushy； that he was in the right to cut it off。 But you have not the same reason。
LETTER XLVII
LONDON； August 23； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： Your friend； Mr。 Eliot； has dined with me twice since I returned here； and I can say with truth that while I had the seals； I never examined or sifted a state prisoner with so much care and curiosity as I did him。 Nay； I did more； for； contrary to the laws of this country； I gave him in some manner； the QUESTION ordinary and extraordinary； and I have infinite pleasure in telling you that the rack which I put him to； did not extort from him one single word that was not such as I wished to hear of you。 I heartily congratulate you upon such an advantageous testimony； from so creditable a witness。 'Laudati a laudato viro'； is one of the greatest pleasures and honors a rational being can have； may you long continue to deserve it！ Your aversion to drinking and your dislike to gaming； which Mr。 Eliot assures me are both very strong； give me； the greatest joy imaginable； for your sake： as the former would ruin both your constitution and understanding； and the latter your fortune and character。 Mr。 Harte wrote me word some time ago； and Mr。 Eliot confirms it now； that you employ your pin money in a very different manner； from that in which pin money is commonly lavished： not in gew…gaws and baubles； but in buying good and useful books。 This is an excellent symptom； and gives me very good hopes。 Go on thus； my dear boy； but for these next two years； and I ask no more。 You must then make such a figure and such a fortune in the world as I wish you； and as I have taken all these pains to enable you to do。 After that time I allow you to be as idle as ever you please； because I am sure that you will not then please to be so at all。 The ignorant and the weak are only idle； but those who have once acquired a good stock of knowledge； always desire to increase it。 Knowledge is like power in this respect； that those who have the most； are most desirous of having more。 It does not clog； by possession； but increases desire； which is the case of very few pleasures。
Upon receiving this congratulatory letter； and reading your own praises； I am sure that it must naturally occur to you； how great a share of them you owe to Mr。 Harte's care and attention； and； consequently； that your regard and affection for him must increase； if there be room for it； in proportion as you reap； which you do daily； the fruits of his labors。
I must not； however； conceal from you that there was one article in which your own witness； Mr。 Eliot； faltered； for； upon my questioning him home as to your manner of speaking； he could not say that your utterance was either distinct or graceful。 I have already said so much to you upon this point that I can add nothing。 I will therefore only repeat this truth； which is； that if you will not speak distinctly and graceful； nobody will desire to hear you。 I am glad to learn that Abbe Mably's 'Droit Public de l'Europe' makes a part of your evening amusements。 It is a very useful book； and gives a clear deduction of the affairs of Europe； from the treaty of Munster to this time。 Pray read it with attention； and with the proper maps； always recurring to them for the several countries or towns yielded； taken； or restored。 Pyre Bougeant's third volume will give you the best idea of the treaty of Munster； and open to you the several views of the belligerent' and contracting parties； and there never were greater than at that time。 The House of Austria； in the war immediately preceding that treaty； intended to make itself absolute in the empire； and to overthrow the rights of the respective states of it。 The view of France was to weaken and dismember the House of Austria to such a degree； as that it should no longer be a counterbalance to that of Bourbon。 Sweden wanted possessions on the continent of Germany； not only to supply the necessities of its own poor and barren country； but likewise to hold the balance in the empire between the House of Austria and the States。 The House of Brandenburg wanted to aggrandize itself by pilfering in the fire； changed sides occasionally； and made a good bargain at last； for I think it got； at the peace； nine or ten bishoprics secularized。 So that we may date； from the treaty of Munster； the decline of the House of Austria； the great power of the House of Bourbon； and the aggrandizement of that of Bradenburg： which； I am much mistaken； if it stops where it is now。
Make my compliments to Lord Pulteney； to whom I would have you be not only attentive； but useful； by setting him （in case he wants it） a good example of application and temperance。 I begin to believe that； as I shall be proud of you； others will be proud too of imitating you： Those expectations of mine seem now so well grounded； that my disappointment； and consequently my anger； will be so much the greater if they fail； but as things stand now； I am most affectionately and tenderly； Yours。
LETTER XLVIII
LONDON； August 30； O。 S。 1748
DEAR BOY： Your reflections upon the conduct of France； from the treaty of Munster to this time； are very just； and I am very glad to find； by them； that you not only read； but that you think and reflect upon what you read。 Many great readers load their memories； without exercising their judgments； and make lumber…rooms of their heads instead of furnishing them usefully； facts are heaped upon facts without order or distinction； and may justly be said to compose that
'…Rudis indigestaque moles Quem dixere chaos'。
Go on； then； in the way of reading that you are in； take nothing for granted； upon the bare authority of the author； but weigh and consider； in your own mind； the probability of the facts and the justness of the reflections。 Consult different authors upon the same facts； and form your opinion upon the greater or lesser degree of probability arising from the whole； which； in my mind； is the utmost stretch of historical faith； certainty （I fear） not being to be found。 When a historian pretends to give you the causes and motives of events； compare those causes and motives with the characters and interests of the parties concerned； and judge for yourself whether they correspond or not。 Consider whether you cannot assign others more probable； and in that examination； do not despise some very mean and trifling causes of the actions of great men； for so various and inconsistent is human nature； so strong and changeable are our passions； so fluctuating are our wills； and so much are our minds influenced by the accidents of our bodies that every man is more the man of the day； than a regular consequential character。 The best have something bad； and something little； the worst have something good； and sometimes something great； for I do not believe what Velleius Paterculus （for the sake of saying a pretty thing） says of Scipio； 'Qui nihil non laudandum aut fecit； aut dixit； aut sensit'。 As for the reflections of historians； with which they think it necessary to interlard their histories； or at least to conclude their chapters （and which； in the French histories； are always introduced with a 'tant il est vrai'； and in the English； SO TRUE IT IS； do not adopt them implicitly upon the credit of the author； but analyze them yourself； and judge whether they are true or not。
But to return to the politics of France； from which I have digressed。 You have certainly made one further reflection； of an advantage which France has； over and above its abilities in the cabinet and the skill of its negotiators； which is （if I may use the expression） its SOLENESS； continuity of riches and power within itself； and the nature of its government。 Near twenty millions of people； and the ordinary revenue of above thirteen millions sterling a year； are at the absolute disposal of the Crown。 This is what no other power in Europe can say； so that different powers must now unite to make a balance against France； which union； though formed upon the principle of their common interest； can never be so intimate as to compose a machine so compact and simple as that of one great kingdom； directed by one will； and moved by one interest。 The Allied Powers （as we have constantly seen） have； besides the common and declared object of their alliance； some separate and concealed view to which they often sacrifice the general one； which ma