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r alliance； some separate and concealed view to which they often sacrifice the general one； which makes them； either directly or indirectly； pull different ways。 Thus； the design upon Toulon failed in the year 1706； only from the secret view of the House of Austria upon Naples： which made the Court of Vienna； notwithstanding the representations of the other allies to the contrary； send to Naples the 12；000 men that would have done the business at Toulon。 In this last war too； the same causes had the same effects： the Queen of Hungary in secret thought of nothing but recovering of Silesia； and what she had lost in Italy； and； therefore； never sent half that quota which she promised； and we paid for； into Flanders； but left that country to the maritime powers to defend as they could。 The King of Sardinia's real object was Savona and all the Riviera di Ponente； for which reason he concurred so lamely in the invasion of Provence； where the Queen of Hungary； likewise； did not send one…third of the force stipulated； engrossed as she was by her oblique views upon the plunder of Genoa； and the recovery of Naples。 Insomuch that the expedition into Provence； which would have distressed France to the greatest degree； and have caused a great detachment from their army in Flanders； failed shamefully； for want of every one thing necessary for its success。 Suppose； therefore； any four or five powers who； all together； shall be equal； or even a little superior； in riches and strength to that one power against which they are united； the advantage will still be greatly on the side of that single power； because it is but one。 The power and riches of Charles V。 were； in themselves； certainly superior to those of Frances I。； and yet； upon the whole； he was not an overmatch for him。 Charles V。's dominions； great as they were； were scattered and remote from each other； their constitutions different； wherever he did not reside； disturbances arose； whereas the compactness of France made up the difference in the strength。 This obvious reflection convinced me of the absurdity of the treaty of Hanover； in 1725； between France and England； to which the Dutch afterward acceded； for it was made upon the apprehensions； either real or pretended； that the marriage of Don Carlos with the eldest archduchess； now Queen of Hungary； was settled in the treaty of Vienna； of the same year； between Spain and the late Emperor Charles VI。； which marriage； those consummate politicians said would revive in Europe the exorbitant power of Charles V。 I am sure； I heartily wish it had； as； in that case； there had been； what there certainly is not now； one power in Europe to counterbalance that of France； and then the maritime powers would； in reality； have held the balance of Europe in their hands。 Even supposing that the Austrian power would then have been an overmatch for that of France （which； by the way； is not clear）； the weight of the maritime powers； then thrown into the scale of France； would infallibly have made the balance at least even。 In which case too； the moderate efforts of the maritime powers on the side of France would have been sufficient； whereas now； they are obliged to exhaust and beggar themselves； and that too ineffectually； in hopes to support the shattered； beggared； and insufficient House of Austria。
This has been a long political dissertation； but I am informed that political subjects are your favorite ones； which I am glad of； considering your destination。 You do well to get your materials all ready； before you begin your work。 As you buy and （I am told） read books of this kind； I will point out two or three for your purchase and perusal； I am not sure that I have not mentioned them before； but that is no matter； if you have not got them。 'Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire du 17ieme Siecle'； is a most useful book for you to recur to for all the facts and chronology of that country ： it is in four volumes octavo； and very correct and exact。 If I do not mistake； I have formerly recommended to you； 'Les Memoires du Cardinal de Retz'； however； if you have not yet read them； pray do； and with the attention which they deserve。 You will there find the best account of a very interesting period of the minority of Lewis XIV。 The characters are drawn short； but in a strong and masterly manner； and the political reflections are the only just and practical ones that I ever saw in print： they are well worth your transcribing。 'Le Commerce des Anciens； par Monsieur Huet。 Eveque d'Avranche'； in one little volume octavo； is worth your perusal； as commerce is a very considerable part of political knowledge。 I need not； I am sure； suggest to you； when you read the course of commerce； either of the ancients or of the moderns； to follow it upon your map； for there is no other way of remembering geography correctly； but by looking perpetually in the map for the places one reads of； even though one knows before； pretty near； where they are。
Adieu！ As all the accounts which I receive of you grow better and better； so I grow more and more affectionately； Yours。
LETTER XLIX
LONDON； September 5； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： I have received yours； with the inclosed German letter to Mr。 Gravenkop； which he assures me is extremely well written； considering the little time that you have applied yourself to that language。 As you have now got over the most difficult part； pray go on diligently； and make yourself absolutely master of the rest。 Whoever does not entirely possess a language； will never appear to advantage； or even equal to himself； either in speaking or writing it。 His ideas are fettered； and seem imperfect or confused； if he is not master of all the words and phrases necessary to express them。 I therefore desire； that you will not fail writing a German letter once every fortnight to Mr。 Gravenkop； which will make the writing of that language familiar to you； and moreover； when you shall have left Germany and be arrived at Turin； I shall require you to write even to me in German； that you may not forget with ease what you have with difficulty learned。 I likewise desire； that while you are in Germany； you will take all opportunities of conversing in German； which is the only way of knowing that； or any other language； accurately。 You will also desire your German master to teach you the proper titles and superscriptions to be used to people of all ranks； which is a point so material； in Germany； that I have known many a letter returned unopened； because one title in twenty has been omitted in the direction。
St。 Thomas's day now draws near； when you are to leave Saxony and go to Berlin； and I take it for granted； that if anything is yet wanting to complete your knowledge of the state of that electorate； you will not fail to procure it before you go away。 I do not mean； as you will easily believe； the number of churches； parishes； or towns； but I mean the constitution； the revenues； the troops； and the trade of that electorate。 A few questions； sensibly asked； of sensible people； will produce you the necessary informations； which I desire you will enter in your little book； Berlin will be entirely a new scene to you； and I look upon it； in a manner； as your first step into the great world； take care that step be not a false one； and that you do not stumble at the threshold。 You will there be in more company than you have yet been； manners and attentions will therefore be more necessary。 Pleasing in company is the only way of being pleased in it yourself。 Sense and knowledge are the first and necessary foundations for pleasing in company； but they will by no means do alone； and they will never be perfectly welcome if they are not accompanied with manners and attentions。 You will best acquire these by frequenting the companies of people of fashion； but then you must resolve to acquire them； in those companies； by proper care and observation； for I have known people； who； though they have frequented good company all their lifetime； have done it in so inattentive and unobserving a manner； as to be never the better for it； and to remain as disagreeable； as awkward； and as vulgar； as if they had never seen any person of fashion。 When you go into good company （by good company is meant the people of the first fashion of the place observe carefully their turn； their manners； their address； and conform your own to them。 But this is not all neither； go deeper still； observe their characters； and pray； as far as you can； into both their hearts and their heads。 Seek for their particular merit； their predominant passion； or their prevailing weakness； and you will then know what to bait your hook with to catch them。 Man is a composition of so many； and such various ingredients； that it requires both time and care to analyze him： for though we have all the same ingredients in our general composition； as reason； will； passions； and appetites； yet the different proportions and combinations of them in each individual； produce that infinite variety of characters； which； in some particular or other； distinguishes every individual from another。 Reason ought to direct the whole； but seldom does。 And he who addresses himself singly to another man's reason； wit