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P。 S。 Since I wrote what goes before； I have received your letter； OF NO DATE； with the inclosed state of the Prussian forces： of which； I hope； you have kept a copy； this you should lay in a 'portefeuille'； and add to it all the military establishments that you can get of other states and kingdoms： the Saxon establishment you may； doubtless； easily find。 By the way； do not forget to send me answers to the questions which I sent you some time ago； concerning both the civil and the ecclesiastical affairs of Saxony。
Do not mistake me； and think I only mean that you should speak elegantly with regard to style； and the purity of language； but I mean； that you should deliver and pronounce what you say gracefully and distinctly； for which purpose I will have you frequently read very loud； to Mr。 Harte； recite parts of orations； and speak passages of plays； for； without a graceful and pleasing enunciation； all your elegancy of style； in speaking； is not worth one farthing。
I am very glad that Mr。 Lyttelton approves of my new house； and particularly of my CANONICAL＇James Brydges； duke of Chandos； built a most magnificent and elegant house at CANNONS； about eight miles from London。 It was superbly furnished with fine pictures； statues； etc。； which； after his death； were sold； by auction。 Lord Chesterfield purchased the hall…pillars； the floor； and staircase with double flig1hts； which are now m Chesterfield House； London。＇pillars。 My bust of Cicero is a very fine one； and well preserved； it will have the best place in my library； unless at your return you bring me over as good a modern head of your own； which I should like still better。 I can tell you； that I shall examine it as attentively as ever antiquary did an old one。
Make my compliments to Mr。 Harte； at whose recovery I rejoice。
LETTER XLVI
LONDON； August 2； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： Duval the jeweler； is arrived； and was with me three or four days ago。 You will easily imagine that I asked him a few questions concerning you； and I will give you the satisfaction of knowing that； upon the whole； I was very well pleased with the account he gave me。 But； though he seemed to be much in your interest； yet he fairly owned to me that your utterance was rapid； thick； and ungraceful。 I can add nothing to what I have already said upon this subject； but I can and do repeat the absolute necessity of speaking distinctly and gracefully； or else of not speaking at all； and having recourse to signs。 He tells me that you are pretty fat for one of your age： this you should attend to in a proper way； for if； while very young； you should grow fat； it would be troublesome； unwholesome； and ungraceful； you should therefore； when you have time； take very strong exercise； and in your diet avoid fattening things。 All malt liquors fatten； or at least bloat； and I hope you do not deal much in them。 I look upon wine and water to be； in every respect； much wholesomer。
Duval says there is a great deal of very good company at Madame Valentin's and at another lady's； I think one Madame Ponce's； at Leipsig。 Do you ever go to either of those houses； at leisure times？ It would not； in my mind； be amiss if you did； and would give you a habit of ATTENTIONS； they are a tribute which all women expect； and which all men； who would be well received by them； must pay。 And； whatever the mind may be； manners at least are certainly improved by the company of women of fashion。
I have formerly told you； that you should inform yourself of the several orders； whether military or religious； of the respective countries where you may be。 The Teutonic Order is the great Order of Germany； of which I send you inclosed a short account。 It may serve to suggest questions to you for more particular inquiries as to the present state of it； of which you ought to be minutely informed。 The knights； at present； make vows； of which they observe none； except it be that of not marrying； and their only object now is； to arrive； by seniority； at the Commanderies in their respective provinces； which are； many of them； very lucrative。 The Order of Malta is； by a very few years； prior to the Teutonic； and owes its foundation to the same causes。 These' knights were first called Knights Hospitaliers of St。 John。 of Jerusalem； then Knights of Rhodes； and in the year 1530； Knights of Malta； the Emperor Charles V。 having granted them that island； upon condition of their defending his island of Sicily against the Turks； which they effectually did。 L'Abbe de Vertot has written the history of Malta； but it is the least valuable of all his works； and moreover； too long for you to read。 But there is a short history； of all the military orders whatsoever； which I would advise you to get； as there is also of all the religious orders； both which。 are worth your having and consulting； whenever you meet with any of them in your way； as； you will very frequently in Catholic countries。 For my own part； I find that I remember things much better； when I recur； to my books for them； upon some particular occasion； than by reading them 'tout de suite'。 As； for example； if I were to read the history of all the military or religious orders； regularly one after another； the latter puts the former out of my head； but when I read the history of any one； upon account； of its having been the object of conversation or dispute； I remember it much better。 It is the same in geography； where； looking for any particular place in the map； upon some particular account； fixes it in one's memory forever。 I hope you have worn out your maps by frequent； use of that sort。 Adieu。
A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER
In the ages of ignorance； which is always the mother of superstition； it was thought not only just； but meritorious； to propagate religion by fire and sword； and to； take away； the； lives and properties of unbelievers。 This enthusiasm produced the several crusades； in the 11th； 12th； and following centuries； the object of which was； to recover the Holy Land out of； the hands of the Infidels； who； by the way； were the lawful possessors。 Many honest enthusiasts engaged in those crusades； from a mistaken principle of religion； and from the pardons granted by the Popes for all the sins of those pious adventurers； but many more knaves adopted these holy wars； in hopes of conquest and plunder。 After Godfrey of Bouillon； at the head of these knaves and fools； had taken Jerusalem； in the year 1099； Christians of various nations remained in that city； among the rest； one good honest German； that took particular care of his countrymen who came thither in pilgrimages。 He built a house for their reception； and an hospital dedicated to the Virgin。 This little establishment soon became a great one； by the enthusiasm of many considerable people who engaged in it； in order to drive the Saracens out of the Holy Land。 This society then began to take its first form； and its members were called Marian Teutonic Knights。 Marian； from their chapel sacred to the Virgin Mary； Teutonic； from the German； or Teuton； who was the author of it； and Knights from the wars which they were to carry on against the Infidels。
These knights behaved themselves so bravely； at first； that Duke Frederick of Swabia； who was general of the German army in the Holy Land； sent； in the year 1191； to the Emperor Henry VI。 and Pope Celestine III。 to desire that this brave and charitable fraternity might be incorporated into a regular order of knighthood； which was accordingly done； and rules and a particular habit were given them。 Forty knights； all of noble families； were at first created by the King of Jerusalem and other princes then in the army。 The first grand master of this order was Henry Wallpot； of a noble family upon the Rhine。 This order soon began to operate in Europe； drove all the Pagans out of Prussia； and took possession of it。 Soon after； they got Livonia and Courland； and invaded even Russia； where they introduced the Christian religion。 In 1510； they elected Albert； Marquis of Bradenburg； for their grand master； who； turning Protestant； soon afterward took Prussia from the order； and kept it for himself； with the consent of Sigismund； King of Poland； of whom it was to hold。 He then quitted his grand mastership and made himself hereditary Duke of that country； which is thence called Ducal Prussia。 This order now consists of twelve provinces； viz。； Alsatia； Austria； Coblentz； and Etsch； which are the four under the Prussian jurisdiction； Franconia； Hesse； Biessen； Westphalia； Lorraine； Thuringia； Saxony； and Utrecht； which eight are of the German jurisdiction。 The Dutch now possess all that the order had in Utrecht。 Every one of the provinces have their particular Commanderies； and the most ancient of these Commandeurs is called the Commandeur Provincial。 These twelve Commandeurs are all subordinate to the Grand Master of Germany as their chief； and have the right of electing the grand master。 The elector of Cologne is at present 'Grand Maitre'。
This order； founded by mistaken Christian zeal； upon the anti…Christian principles of violence and persecution； soon grew strong by the weakness and ignorance of the time； acquired u