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the origins of contemporary france-4-第132章

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。  。  。  he; the said Benner; is sentenced to a fine of three hundred

livres; payable in three days。〃 … 〃 Dorothy Franz; convicted of having

sold two heads of salad at twenty sous; and of thus having depreciated

the value of assignats; is sentenced to a fine of three thousand

livres; imprisonment for six weeks and exposure in the pillory for two

hours。〃 … Ibid。; I。; 18。  〃A grocer; accused of having sold sugar…

candy at lower than the rate; although not comprised in the list; is

sentenced to one hundred thousand livres fine and imprisonment until

peace is declared。〃 … Orders by Saint…Just and Lebas; Nivose 3; year

II。  〃The criminal court of the department of the Lower…Rhine is

ordered to destroy the house of any one convicted of having made sales

below the rates fixed by the maximum;〃 consequently; the house of one

Schauer; a furrier; is torn down; Nivose 7。



'40' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。  322。  (Letter by Haupt;

Belfort; Brumaire 3; year II。) 〃On my arrival here; I found the law of

the maximum promulgated and in operation。。  。  (but) the necessary

steps have not been taken to prevent a new monopoly by the country

people; who have flocked in to the shops of the dealers; carried off

all their goods and created a factitious dearth。〃



'41' Archives Nationales; F。7; 4421。  (Petitions of merchants and

shop…keepers at Troyes in relation to the revolutionary tax;

especially of hatters; linen; cotton and woollen manufacturers;

weavers and grocers。  There is generally a loss of one…half; and

sometimes of three…fourths of the purchase money。)



'42' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。330。  (Letter of Brutus;

Marseilles; Nivose 6; year II。) 〃Since the maximum everything is

wanting at Marseilles。〃 … Ibid。  (Letter by Soligny and Gosse;

Thionville; Nivose 5; year II。) 〃No peasant is willing to bring

anything to market。  。  。  They go off six leagues to get a better

price and thus the communes which they once supplied are famishing 。。

According as they are paid in specie or assignats the difference often

amounts to two hundred per cent。; and nearly always to one hundred per

cent。〃 … 〃 Un Sejour en France;〃 pp。  188…189。  … Archives Nationales;

D。。  § I。; file 2。  (Letter of Representative Albert; Germinal 19;

year II。; and of Joffroy; national agent; district of Bar…sur…Aube;

Germinal 5; year III。  〃The municipalities have always got themselves

exempted from the requisitions; which all fall on the farmers and

proprietors unable to satisfy them。。。。  The allotment among the tax…

payers is made with the most revolting inequality。。。。  Partiality

through connections of relatives and of friendship。〃



'43' Decrees of September 29; 1793 (articles 8 and 9); of May 4 and

20; and June 26; 1794。  … Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68…72。

(Orders of the Committee of Public Safety; Prairial 26; year II。) 〃The

horses and wagons of coal peddlers; the drivers accustomed to taking

to Paris by law a portion of the supply of coal used in baking in the

department of Seine…et…Marne; are drafted until the 1st of Brumaire

next; for the transportation of coal to Paris。  During this time they

cannot be drafted for any other service。〃 (A good many orders in

relation to provisions and articles of prime necessity may be found in

these files; mostly in the handwriting of Robert Lindet。)



'44' Cf。  〃The Revolution;〃 II。; 69。  … Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794。〃

(Report by Pouvoyeur; March 15; 1794。) 〃A report has been long

circulated that all the aged were to be slaughtered; there is not a

place where this falsehood is not uttered。〃



'45' Archives Nationales; F。7; 4435; file 10; letters of Collot

d'Herbois; Brumaire 17 and 19; year II。  … De Martel; 〃Fouché;〃 340;

341。  Letters of Collot d'Herbois; November 7 and 9; 1793。



'46' De Martel; ibid。; 462。  (Proclamation by Javogues; Pluviose 13;

year II。)



'47' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。  330。  (Letter of Brutus;

political agent; Niv?se 6。)



'48' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 116。  (Orders of Taillefer and

Marat…Valette; and Deliberations of the Directory of Lot; Brumaire 20;

year II。)



'49' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。  331。  (Letter of the

agent Bertrand; Frimaire 3。)



'50' Ibid。; vol。  1332。  (Letter of the agent Chépy; Brumaire 2。)



'51' Ibid。; vol。1411。  (Letter of Blessmann and Hauser; Brumaire 30。)

… Ibid。  (Letter of Haupt; Belfort; Brumaire 29。) 〃I believe that

Marat's advice should be followed here and a hundred scaffolds be

erected; there are not guillotines enough to cut off the heads of the

monopolists。  I shall do what I can to have the pleasure of seeing one

of these damned bastards play hot cockles。〃



'52' Ibid。; vol。333。  (Letter of Garrigues; Pluvi?se 16。)



'53' 〃Souvenirs et Journal d'un Bourgeois d'Evreux;〃 pp。83…85。  (June

and July; 1794。) … Ibid。; at Nantes。  … Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794;〃

p。194; March 4。



'54' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vols。  331 and 332。  (Letters

of Désgranges; Frimaire 3 and 8 and 10。) 〃Many of the peasants have

eaten no bread for a fortnight。  Most of them no longer work。〃 Buchez

et Roux; XVIII。; 346。  (Session of the convention; Brumaire 14; Speech

by Legendre。)



'55' Moniteur; xix。; 671。  (Speech by Tallien; March 12; 1794。) Buchez

et Roux; XXXII。; 423。  (Letter of Jullien; June 15; 1794。)



'56' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 111。  (Letters of Michaud;

Chateauroux; Pluvi?se 18 and 19; year II。)



'57' Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794;〃 410; 492; 498。  (Letters frora the

national agent of the district of Sancoins; Thermidor 9; year II。;

from the Directory of Allier; Thermidor 9; from the national agent of

the district of Villefort; Thermidor 9。) … Gouverneur Morris; April

10; 1794; says in a letter to Washington that the famine in many

places is extremely severe。  Men really die of starvation who have the

means to buy bread if they could only get it。



'58' Volney; 〃Voyage en Orient;〃 II。; 344。  〃When Constantinople lacks

food twenty provinces are starved for its supply。〃



'59' Archives Nationales; AF。; II ; 46; 68。  (Decree of committee of

Public Safety。) The Treasury pays over to the city of Paris for

subsistence; on Aug。  2; 1793; two millions; August 14; three; and

September 2nd; one million; September 8; 16; and 23; one million each;

and so on。  。  。  。  Between August 7; 1793 and Germinal '9; year II。;

the Treasury paid over to Paris; thirty one millions。



'60' Ibid; AF。; II。; 68。  Decrees of Brumaire 14; Niv?se 7 and

Germinal 22 on the departments assigned to the supply of Paris。

Buchez et Roux; XXVIII。; 489。  (Speech by Danton in Jacobin club;

Aug。28; '793。) 〃I constantly asserted that it was necessary to give

all to the mayor of Paris if he exacted it to feed its inhabitants。  。

。  。  Let us sacrifice one hundred and ten millions and save Paris and

through it; the Republic。〃



'61' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vols。  1410 and 1411。  Reports

of June 20 and 21; 1793; July 21; 22; 28; 29 and 31; and every day of

the months of August and September; 1793。  Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de la

Revolution Fran?aise;〃 vol。  II。; passim … Dauban; 〃Paris in 1794;〃

(especially throughout Vent?se; year II。)。  … Archives Nationales;

F。7; 31167。  (Reports for Niv?se; year II。)



'62' Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794;〃。  (Report of Vent?se 2。)



'63' Mercier; 〃Paris Pendant la Revolution;〃 I。; 355。



'64' Archives des Affaires étrangères; 141 I。  (Reports of August 1

and 2; 1763。) 〃At one o'clock in the morning; we were surprised to

find men and women lying along the sides of the houses patiently

waiting for the shops to open。〃 … Dauban; 231。  (Report of Vent?se

24。) To obtain the lights of a hog; at the slaughter house near the

Jardin des Plantes; at the rate of three francs ten sous; instead of

thirty sous as formerly; women 〃were lying on the ground with little

baskets by their side and waiting four and five hours。〃



'65' Archives Nationales; F。7; 31167。  (Reports of Niv?se 9 and 28。)

〃The streets of Paris are always abominable; they are certainly afraid

to use those brooms。〃 Dauban; 120。  (Vent?se 9。) 〃The rue St。  Anne is

blocked up with manure。  In that part of it near the Rue Louvois;

heaps of this stretch along the walls for the past fortnight。〃



'66' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。1411。  (Reports of August

9; 1793。) Mercier; I。; 353。  … Dauban; 530。  (Reports of Fructidor 27;

year II。  〃There are always great gatherings at the coal depots。  They

begin at midnight。  one; two o'clock in the morning。  Many of the

habitués take advantage of the obscurity and commit all sorts of

indecencies。〃



'67' Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de la Revolution Fran?aise;〃 II。; 155。

(Reports of Vent?se 25。) … Dauban; 188。  (Reports of Vent?se 19)。  …

Ibid。; (Reports of Vent?se 2。) Ibid。; 126。  (Reports of Vent?se 10。) …

Archives Nationales; F。  7; 31167。  (Reports of Niv?se 28; year II。)

The women 〃den
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