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announcing the rate dictated to them。 … Ibid。； 409。 （Letter of
Roland； Nov。27； 1792。） … XXI。； 198。 （Another letter by Roland； Dec。
6； 1792。） 〃All convoys are stopped at Lissy； la Ferté； Milan； la
Ferté…sous…Jouarre 。 。 。 Carts loaded with wheat going to Paris
have been forced to go back near Lonjumeau and near Meaux。〃
＇23＇ Archives Nationales； F。 7； 3265。 （Letter of David； cultivator；
and administrator of the department of Seine…Inférieure； Oct。11； 1792；
letter of the special committee of Rouen； Oct。22； letter of the
delegates of the executive power； Oct。20； etc。） 〃Reports from all
quarters state that the farmers who drive to market are considered and
treated in their parishes as aristocrats。 。 。 。 。 Each department
keeps to itself： they mutually repel each other。〃
＇24＇ Buchez et Roux； XX。； 409。 （Letter of Roland； Nov。 271 1792。）
〃The circulation of grain has for a long time encountered the greatest
obstacles； scarcely a citizen now dares to do that business。〃 … Ibid。；
417。 （Speech by Lequinio。） 〃The monopoly of wheat by land…owners and
farmers is almost universal。 Fright is the cause of it。 。 。 。
And where does this fear come from？ From the general agitation； and
threats； with the bad treatment in many places of the farmers； land…
owners and traffickers in wheat known as bladiers。〃 … Decrees of
Sep。16； 1792； and May 4； 1793。
＇25＇ Buchez et Roux； XIX。 （Report by Cambon； Sep。22； 1792。） 〃The
taxes no longer reach the public treasury； because they are used for
purchasing grain in the departments。〃 Ibid。； XIX。； 29。 （Speech by
Cambon； Oct。12； 1792。） 〃You can bear witness in your departments to
the sacrifices which well…to…do people have been obliged to make in
helping the poor class。 In many of the towns extra taxes have been
laid for the purchase of grain and for a thousand other helpful
measures。〃
＇26＇ Buchez et Roux； XX。； 409。 （Letter of Roland； Nov。29； 1792） …
XXI。； 199。 （Deliberations of the provisional executive council； Sep。
3； 1792。） … Dauban； 〃La Demagogie en 1793；〃 p。 64。 （Diary kept by
Beaulieu。） Ibid。； 152。）
＇27＇ Schmidt； I。； 110…130。 … Decrees against the export of coin or
ingots； Sep。 5 and 15； 1792。…Decree on stocks or bonds payable to
bearer； Aug。14； 1792。
＇28＇ We might today call this sentiment a desire to acquire and
retain。 （Sentiment of acquisiton）。 （SR。）
＇29＇ Taine's remark in a footnote。 （SR。）
＇30＇ Archives Nationales； D。； 55； I。； file 2。 （Letter by Joifroy；
national agent in the district of Bar…sur…Aube； Germinal 5； year III。）
〃Most of the farmers； to escape the requisition； have sold their
horses and replaced them with oxen。〃 … Memoirs （in ms。） of M。 Dufort
de Cheverney （communicated by M。 Robert de Crévec？ur）。 In June；
1793； 〃the requisitions fall like hail； every week； on wheat； hay；
straw； oats； etc。；〃 all at prices fixed by the contractors； who make
deductions； postpone and pay with difficulty。 Then come requisitions
for hogs。 〃This was depriving all the country folks of what they
lived on。〃 As the requisitions called for live hogs； there was a hog
St。 Bartholomew。 Everybody killed his pig and salted it down。〃
（Environs of Blois。） In relation to refusing to gather in crops； see
further on。 … Dauban； 〃Paris in 1794； p。229。 （Ventose 24； general
orders by Henriot。） 〃Citizen Guillon being on duty outside the walls；
saw with sorrow that citizens were cutting their wheat to feed rabbits
with。〃
＇31＇ Decree of Messidor 23； year II。； on the consolidation with the
national domain of the assets and liabilities of hospitals and other
charitable institutions。 （See reports of prefets on the effect of
this law； on the ruin of the hospitals； on the misery of the sick； of
foundlings and the infirm； from years IX。 to XIII。） … Decrees of
August 8 and 12； 1793； and July 24； 1794； on academies and literary
societies。 … Decree of August 24； 1793； § 29； on the assets and
liabilities of communes。
＇32＇ Schmidt； I。； 144。 （Two billions September 27； 1793； one billion
four hundred millions June 19； 1794。） … Decree of August 24； September
13； 1793； on the conversion of title…deeds and the formation of the
Grand Ledger。 … Decrees of July 31； August 30 and September 5； on
calling in the assignats à face royale。 … Decrees of August 1 and
September 5； 1793； on the refusal to accept assignats at par。
＇33＇ Archives Nationales； F。7； 4421。 （Documents on the revolutionary
taxes organized at Troyes； Brumaire 11； year II。） Three hundred and
seventy…three persons are taxed； especially manufacturers； merchants
and land…owners； the minimum of the tax is one hundred francs； the
maximum fifty thousand francs； the total being one million seven
hundred and sixty…two thousand seven hundred francs。 Seventy…six
petitions attached to the papers show exactly the situation of things
in relation to trade； manufactures and property； the state of fortunes
and credit of the upper and lower bourgeois class。
＇34＇ Mallet…Dupan； 〃Mémoires；〃 II。； 17。 〃I have seen the thirty…
second list of émigrés at Marseilles； merely of those whose
possessions have been confiscated and sold； there are twelve thousand
of them； and the lists were not finished。〃 … Reports of préfets。 （Var
by Fanchet； year IX。） 〃The emigration of 1793 throws upon Leghorn and
the whole Italian coast a very large number of Marseilles and Toulon
traders。 These men； generally industrious； have established （there）
more than one hundred and sixty soap factories and opened a market for
the oil of this region。 This event may be likened to the Revocation
of the Edict of Nantes。〃 … Cf。 the reports on the departments of the
Rh？ne； Aude； Lot and Garonne； Lower Pyrenees； Orme； etc。
＇35＇ Archives des Affaires étrangères； vol。 332。 （Letter of
Désgranges； Bordeaux； Brumaire 12； year II。） 〃Nobody here talks about
trade any more than if it had never existed。〃
＇36＇ Dr。 Ja？n； 〃Choix de documents et lettres privées trouvees dans
des papiers de famille；〃 p。144。 （Letter of Géd？on Ja？n； banker at
Paris； November 18； 1793。） 〃Business carried on with difficulty and at
a great risk occasion frequent and serious losses； credit and
resources being almost nothing。〃
＇37＇ Archives Nationales； F。7； 2475。 （Letters of Thullier； procureur…
syndic of the Paris department； September 7 and 10； 1793。 … Report by
a member of the Piques section； September 8 and 10； 1793。 … Cf。 the
petitions of traders and lawyers imprisoned at Troyes； Strasbourg；
Bordeaux； etc。 … Archives Nationales； AF。；II。； 271。 Letter of
Francastel： 〃At least three thousand monopolist aristocrats have been
arrested at Nantes。。。。 and this is not the last purification。〃
＇38＇ Decrees of May 4； 15； 19； 20 and 23； and of August 30； 1793。 …
Decrees of July 26； August 15； September II； 1793； and February 24；
1794。 … Camille Boursier； 〃Essai sur la Terreur en Anjou；〃 p。 254。
（Letter of Buissart to his friend Maximilian Robespierre； Arras；
Pluviose 14； year II。） 〃we are dying with starvation in the midst of
abundance； I think that the mercantile aristocracy ought to be killed
out like the nobles and priests。 The communes； with the help of a
storehouse of food and goods must alone be allowed to trade。 This
idea； well carried out； can be realized； then； the benefits of trade
will turn to the advantage of the Republic； that is to say； to the
advantage of buyer and seller。〃
＇39＇ Archives Nationales； AF。； II。； 49。 （Documents on the levy of
revolutionary taxes； Belfort； Brumaire 30； year II。） 〃 Verneur； sr。；
taxed at ten thousand livres； for having withheld goods deposited with
him by his sister； in order to save them from the coming taxation。〃
Campardon I。； 292。 （Judgments of the revolutionary commission at
Strasbourg。） … 〃The head…clerk in Hecht's apothecary shop is accused
of selling two ounces of rhubarb and manna at fifty…four sous； Hecht；
the proprietor； is condemned to a fine of fifteen thousand livres。
Madeleine Meyer； at Rosheim； a retailer； is accused of selling a
candle for ten sous and is condemned to a fine of one thousand livres；
payable in three days。 Braun； butcher and bar…keeper； accused of
having sold a glass of wine for twenty sous； is condemned to a fine of
forty thousand francs； to be imprisoned until this is paid； and to
exposure in the pillory before his own house for four hours； with this
inscription： debaser of the national currency。〃 … 〃 Recueil de Pieces；
etc。； at Strasbourg；〃 （supplement； pp。 21； 30； 64）。 〃Marie Ursule
Schnellen and Marie Schultzmann； servant； accused of monopolising
milk。 The former is sentenced to the pillory for one day under a
placard； monopoliser of milk； and to hold in one hand the money and；
in the other； the milk…pot； the other； a servant with citizen Benner。
。 。 。 he； the said Benner； is sentenced to a fine of three hundred
livres； payable in three days。〃 … 〃 Dorothy Franz； convicted of