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the more does Montesquieu's definition of the incentive of society
under the ancient régime seem profound and just； this incentive
consisting of honor。 In the bourgeoisie who were confounded with the
nobility； namely the Parliamentarians； their functions were nearly
gratuitous； the magistrate received his pay in deference。 （Moniteur；
V。； 520。 Session of August 30； 1790； speech by d'Espremenil。） 〃Here
is what it cost a Councillor； I take myself as an example。 He paid
fifty thousand livres for his place； and ten thousand more for the tax
of the 'marc d'or。' He received three hundred and eighty…nine livres
ten sous salary； from which three hundred and sixty…seven livres
'capitation' had to be deducted。 The King allowed us forty…five
livres for extra service of 'La Tournelle'。 How about the fees？ is
asked。 The （grande chambre） superior court； asserted to have received
the largest amount； was composed of one hundred and eighty members；
the fees amounted to two hundred and fifty thousand livres； which were
not a burden on the nation； but on the litigants。 M。 Thouret； who
practiced in the Rouen parliament； will bear witness to this。 I
appeal to him to say conscientiously what sum a Councillor derived
from his office … not five hundred livres 。 。 。 When a judgment
cost the litigant nine hundred livres the King's portion was six
hundred Iivres 。 。 。 To sum up； the profits of an office were seven
livres ten sous。〃
＇81＇ Albert Babeau； 〃La Ville；〃 ch。 II。； and 〃Histoire de Troyes；〃
I。； ch。 1。 At Troyes； fifty merchants； notables； elected the judge…
consul and two consuls； the merchants' guild possessed its own hall
and had its own meetings。 At Paris； the drapers； mercers； grocers；
furriers； hatters and jewelers formed the six bodies of merchants。
The merchants' guild everywhere took precedence of other industrial
communities and enjoyed special privileges。 〃The merchants；〃 says
Loyseau； 〃hold rank （qualité d'honneur）； being styled honorable men；
honest persons and bourgeois of the towns； qualifications not
attributed to husbandmen； nor to sergeants； nor to artisans； nor to
manual laborers。〃 … On paternal authority and domestic discipline in
these old bourgeois families see the History of Beaumarchais and his
father。 （〃 Beaumarchais；〃 by M。 de Lomenie； vol。 I。）
＇82＇ Albert Babeau； 〃Le village sous l'Ancien Régime；〃 p。 56； ch。
III and IV。； （on the village syndics）； and pp。 357 and 359。 〃 The
peasants had the right to deliberate on their own affairs directly and
to elect their principal agents。 They understood their own needs；
were able to make a sacrifice for school and church 。 。 。 。 for
repairs of the town clock and the belfry。 They appointed their own
agents and generally elected the most capable。〃 … Ibid； 〃La Ville sous
1'Ancien Regime；〃 p。29。 The artisans' guilds numbered at Paris one
hundred and twenty…four。 at Amiens sixty…four； and at Troyes fifty；
also Chalons…sur…Marne； at Angers twenty…seven。 The edicts of 1776
reduced them to forty…four at Paris； and to twenty as the maximum for
the principal towns within the jurisdiction of the Paris parliament。
… 〃Each guild formed a city within a city 。 。 。 Like the communes；
it had its special laws； its selected chiefs； its assemblies； its own
building or； at least； a chamber in common； its banner； coat…of…arms
and colors。〃 … Ibid。； 〃 Histoire de Troyes Pendant la Revolution；〃 I。；
13； 329。 Trade guilds and corporations bear the following titles；
drawn up in 1789； from the files of complaints： apothecaries； jewelers
and watch…makers； booksellers and printers； master…barbers； grocers；
wax and candle…makers； bakers and tailors； master shoemakers； eating…
house…keepers； inn…keepers and hatters； master…masons and plasterers
in lime and cement； master…joiners； coopers and cabinet…makers；
master…cutlers； armorers； and polishers； founders； braziers； and pin…
makers； master…locksmiths； ironmongers； tinsmiths and other metal
workers； vinegar…makers； master…shearers； master rope…makers； master…
tanners； dealers and master…dyers and dressers； master saddle and
harness…makers； charcoal…burners； carters； paper…makers and band…box…
makers； cap…makers and associates in arts and trades。 … In some towns
one or two of these natural guilds kept up during the Revolution and
still exist； as； for example； that of the butchers at Limoges。
＇83＇ F。 Leplay； 〃Les Ouvriers Européens；〃 V。； 456； 2nd ed。； （on
workmen's guilds）； Charpentier； Paris。
＇84＇ F。 Leplay； 〃Les Quvriers Européens；〃 （2nd ed。） IV。； 377； and the
monographs of four families （Bordier of Lower Brittany； Brassier of
Armagnac； Savonnier of Lower Provence； Paysan of Lavedan； ch。 7； 8
and 9）。 … Ibid。； 〃L'Organization de la Famille；〃 p。62； and the whole
volume。 … M。 Leplay； in his exact； methodical and profound
researches； has rendered a service of the highest order to political
science and； consequently； to history。 He has minutely observed and
described the scattered fragments of the old organization of society；
his analysis and comparison of these fragments shows the thickness and
extent of the stratum almost gone； to which they belonged。 My own
observations on the spot； in many provinces in France； as well as the
recollections of my youth； agree with M。 Leplay's discoveries。 … On
the stable； honest and prosperous families of small rural proprietors；
Cf。 Ibid。； p。 68； （Arthur Young's observation in Béarn）； and p。75。
Many of these families existed in 1789； more of them than at the
present time； especially in Gascony； Languedoc； Auvergne； Dauphiny；
Franch…Comté； Alsace and Normandy。 … Ibid。； 〃L'Organization du
Travail；〃 pp。499； 503； 508。 （Effects of the 〃Code Civile〃 on the
transmission of a manufactory and a business establishment in France；
and on cultivation in Savoy； the number of suits in France produced by
the system of forced partition of property。）
＇85＇ F。 Leplay； 〃L'Organization de la Famille；〃 p。212。 （History of
the Mélonga family from 1856 to 1869 by M。 Cheysson。） Also p。269。
（On the difficulty of partitions among ascendants； by M。 Claudio
Jannet。）
＇86＇ Rétif de la Bretonne； 〃Vie de mon Pere；〃 （paternal authority in a
peasant family in Burgundy）。 The reader； on this point； may test the
souvenirs of his grand…parents。 With reference to the bourgeoisie I
have cited the family of Beaumarchais。 Concerning the nobles； see the
admirable letter by Buffon June 22； 1787； （correspondence of Buffon；
two vols。； published by M。 Nadaud de Buffon）； telling his son how he
ought to act on account of his wife's behavior。
＇87＇ Moniteur； XIX。； 669。
＇88＇ Dauban； 〃 Paris en 1794；〃 p。245。 （Report by Bacon； Vent？se 25；
year II。）
＇89＇ Ibid。 （Report by Perrière； Vent？se 26。）
＇90＇ Ironical； slang for a hog。 TR。
＇91＇ Ibid。； 245。 （Report by Bacon； speech of an orator to the general
assembly of the section 〃Contrat…Social；〃 Vent？se 25。）
＇92＇ 〃Un Sejour en France。〃 （Sep。； 1792。） Letter of a Parisian： 〃It is
not yet safe to walk the streets in decent clothes。 I have been
obliged to procure and put on pantaloons； jacket； colored cravat and
coarse linen； before attempting to go outdoors。〃 … Beaulieu； 〃Essais；〃
V。； 281。 〃Our dandies let their moustaches grow long； while they
rumpled their hair； dirtied their hands and donned nasty garments。
Our philosophers and literary men wore big fur caps with long fox…
tails dangling over their shoulders； some dragged great trailing
sabers along the pavement … they were taken for Tartars 。 。 。 。 In
public assemblies； in the theatre boxes； nothing was seen in the front
rows but monstrous red bonnets。 All the galériens of all the convict
prisons in Europe seem to have come and set the fashion in this superb
city which had given it to all Europe。〃 … 〃 Un Séjour en France；〃 p。
43。 （Amiens； September； 1792。） 〃Ladies in the street who are well…
dressed or wear colors that the people regard as aristocratic are
commonly insulted。 I； myself； have been almost knocked down for
wearing a straw hat trimmed with green ribbons。〃 … Nolhac； 〃Souvenirs
de Trois Années de la Révolution at Lyons；〃 p。132。 〃It was announced
that whoever had two coats was to fetch one of them to the Section； so
as to clothe some good republican and ensure the reign of equality。〃
＇93＇ Buchez et Roux； XXVI。； 455。 （Speech by Robespierre； in the
Jacobin club； May 10； 1793。）： 〃The rich cherish hopes for an anti…
revolution； it is only the wretched； only the people who can save the
country。〃 … Ibid。； XXX。 （Report by Robespierre to the Convention；
December 25； 1793。）： 〃Virtue is the appanage of the unfortunate and
the people's patrimony。〃 … Archives Nationales； AF。；II。； 72。 （Letter
of the municipality of Montauban； Vendémiaire 23； year IV。） Many
workmen in the manufactories have been perverted 〃by excited
demagogues and club orators who have always held out to them eq