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in Conde's army。 Twelve officers of these two corps were brothers…in…
law； nephews； first…cousins and cousins of the two commanders； the
first of whom entered the service at fifteen； and the second at
eleven。 … Cf。 〃Mémoires du Prince de Ligne。〃 At seven or eight years
of age I had already witnessed the din of battle； I had been in a
besieged town； and saw three sieges from a window。 A little older； I
was surrounded by soldiers； old retired officers belonging to various
services； and living in the neighborhood fed my passion。… Turenne said
〃I slept on a gun…carriage at the age of ten。 My taste for war was so
great as to lead me to enlist with a captain of the 'Royal Vaissiaux；'
in garrison two leagues off。 If war had been declared I would have
gone off and let nobody know it。 I joined his company； determined not
to owe my fortune to any but valorous actions。〃 … Cf。 also 〃Mémoires
du Maréchal de Saxe。〃 A soldier at twelve； in the Saxon legion；
shouldering his musket； and marching with the rest； he completed each
stage on foot from Saxony to Flanders； and before he was thirteen took
part in the battle of Malplaquet。
＇64＇ Alexandrine des Echerolles； 〃Un Famille Noble sous la Terreur；〃
p。25。 … Cf。 〃Correspondance de Madelle de Féring；〃 by Honore
Bonhomme。 The two sisters； one sixteen and the other thirteen；
disguised as men； fought with their father in Dumouriez' army。 … See
the sentiment of young nobles in the works of Berquin and Marmontel。
（Les Rivaux d' Eux…meme。）
＇65＇ 〃 The Revolution；〃 I。； 158； 325。 Ibid。； the affair of M。 de
Bussy； 306； the affair of the eighty…two gentlemen of Caen； 316。 …
See in Rivarol （〃Journal Politique Nationale〃） details of the
admirable conduct of the Body…guards at Versailles； Oct。 5 and 6；
1789。
＇66＇ The noble families under the ancient regime may be characterized
as so many families of soldiers' children。
＇67＇ 〃L'Ancien Régime et la Revolution；〃 by M。 de Tocqueville； p。169。
My judgment； likewise based on the study of texts； and especially
manuscript texts； coincides here as elsewhere with that of M。 de
Tocqueville。 Biographies and local histories contain documents too
numerous to be cited。
＇68＇ Sauzay； I。； introduction； and Ludovic Sciout； 〃 Histoire de la
Constitution Civile du Clergé；〃 I。； introduction。 （See in Sauzay；
biographical details and the grades of the principal ecclesiastical
dignitaries of the diocese Besan？on。） The cathedral chapter； and that
of the Madeleine； could be entered only through nobility or promotion；
it was requisite for a graduate to have a noble for a father； or a
doctor of divinity； and himself be a doctor of divinity or in canon
law。 Analogous titles； although lower down； were requisite for
collegiate canons； and for chaplains or familiars。
＇69＇ The Revolution；〃 I。； 233。 … Cf。 Emile Ollivier； 〃L'Eglise et
l'Etat au Concile du Vatican；〃 I。； 134； II。； 511。
＇70＇ Morellet； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。； 8； 31。 The Sorbonne； founded by Robert
Sorbon； confessor to St。 Louis； was an association resembling one of
the Oxford or Cambridge colleges； that is to say； a corporation
possessing a building； revenues； rules； regulations and boarders； its
object was to afford instruction in the theological sciences； its
titular members； numbering about a hundred； were mostly bishops；
vicars…general； canons； curés in Paris and in the principal towns。
Men of distinction were prepared in it at the expense of the Church。
… The examinations for the doctorate were the tentative； the mineure；
the Sorbonique and the majeure。 A talent for discussion and argument
was particularly developed。 … Cf。 Ernest Renan； 〃Souvenirs d'Enfance
et de Jeunesse；〃 p。279； （on St。 Sulpice and the study of Theology）。
＇71＇ Cf。 the files of the clergy in the States…General； and the
reports of ecclesiastics in the provincial assemblies。
＇72＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 p。72。 （Ed。 Lafont I； p 223 etc。）
＇73＇ In some dioceses； notably that of Besan？on； the rural parishes
were served by distinguished men。 （Sauzay； I。； 16。） 〃It was not
surprising to encounter a man of European reputation； like Bergier； so
long curé of Flangebouche； an astronomer of great merit； like M。
Mongin； curé of la Grand'Combe des Bois； whose works occupy an
honorable place in Lalande's bibliography； all passing their lives in
the midst of peasants。 At Rochejean； a priest of great intelligence
and fine feeling； M。 Boillon； a distinguished naturalist； had
converted his house into a museum of natural history as well as into
an excellent school。 。 。 。 It was not rare to find priests
belonging to the highest social circles； like MM。 de Trevillers； of
Trevillers； Balard de Bonnevaux of Bonétage； de Mesmay of Mesmay； du
Bouvot； at Osselle； cheerfully burying themselves in the depths of the
country； some on their family estates； and； not content to share their
income with their poor parishioners； but on dying； leaving them a
large part of their fortunes。
＇74＇ De Tocqueville； 〃L'Ancien Regime；〃 134； 137。
＇75＇ Terms signifying certain minor courts of law。
＇76＇ Albert Babeau； 〃La Ville sous l'Ancien Régime；〃 p。 26。 …
（Advertisements in the 〃Journal de Troyes；〃 1784； 1789。） 〃For sale；
the place of councillor in the Salt…department at Sézannes。 Income
from eight to nine hundred livres。 Price ten thousand livres。〃 … 〃A
person desires to purchase in this town （Troyes） an office in the
Magistracy or Finances； at from twenty…five thousand to sixty thousand
livres； cash paid down if required。〃
＇77＇ De Tocqueville； 〃L'Ancien Régime；〃 p。356。 The municipal body of
Angers comprised； among other members； two deputies of the présidial；
two of the Forest and Streams department； two of the Election； two of
the Salt…department； two of the Customs； two of the Mint； two Council
judges。 The system of the ancient regime； universally； is the
grouping together of all individuals in one body with a representative
of all these bodies； especially those of the notables。 The municipal
body of Angers； consequently； comprises two deputies of the society of
lawyers and procureurs； two of the notarial body； one of the
University； one of the Chapter； a Syndic of the clerks； etc。 … At
Troyes （Albert Babeau；〃 Histoire de Troyes Pendant la Révolution；〃
p。23。） Among the notables of the municipality may be found one member
of the clergy； two nobles； one officer of the bailiwick； one officer
of the other jurisdictions； one physician； one or two bourgeois； one
lawyer； one notary or procureur； four merchants and two members of the
trade guild。
＇78＇ Albert Babeau； 〃La Ville；〃 p。26。 （Cf。 note on preceding page。）
The Collector's Office at Reteil； in 1746； is sold at one hundred and
fifty thousand livres； it brings in from eleven thousand to fourteen
thousand livres。 … The purchaser； besides； has to pay to the State
the 〃right of the golden marc〃 （a tax on the transfer of property）； in
1762； this right amounted to nine hundred and forty livres for the
post of Councillor to the bailiwick of Troyes。 D'Esprémenil；
councillor in the Paris Parliament； had paid fifty thousand livres for
his place； besides ten thousand livres taxation of the 〃golden marc。〃
＇79＇ Emile Bos； 〃Les Avocats au conseil du Roi；〃 p。340。 Master
Peruot； procureur； was seated on the balcony of the Theatre Fran？ais
when Count Moreton Chabrillant arrives and wants his place。 The
procureur resists and the count calls the guard； who leads him off to
prison。 Master Peruot enters a complaint； there is a trial；
intervention of the friends of M。 de Chabrillant before the garde des
sceaux； petitions of the nobles and resistance of the entire guild of
advocates and procureurs。 M。 de Chabrillant； senior； offers Peruot
forty thousand livres to withdraw his suit； which Peruot refuses to
do。 Finally； the Count de Chabrillant is condemned； with six thousand
livres damages； （which are given to the poor and to prisoners）； as
well as to the expense of printing two hundred impressions of the
verdict。 … Duport de Cheverney； 〃 Mémoires；〃 （unpublished）；
communicated by M。 Robert de Crevecceur： 〃Formerly a man paid fifty
thousand livres for an office with only three hundred livres income；
the consideration； however； he enjoyed through it； and the certainty
of remaining in it for life； compensated him for the sacrifice； while
the longer he kept it； the greater was the influence of himself and
children。〃
＇80＇ Albert Babeau； 〃 La Ville；〃 p。 27； … 〃Histoire de Troyes；〃 p。
21。 … This portrait is drawn according to recollections of childhood
and family narrations。 I happen to have known the details of two or
three small provincial towns； one of about six thousand inhabitants
where； before 1800； nearly all the notables； forty families； were
relations； to…day all are scattered。 The more one studies documents；
the more does Montesquieu's definition of the incentiv