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other calamities。 Hence in times of public misfortune； as when an epidemic is raging； and all other remedies have failed； the whole population go forth with the priest at their head to a place at some distance from the village。 Here at sunset they erect a couple of poles with a cross…bar between them； to which they attach bags of rice； wooden models of pivot…guns； gongs； bracelets； and so on。 Then； when everybody has taken his place at the poles and a death…like silence reigns； the priest lifts up his voice and addresses the spirits in their own language as follows： Ho！ ho！ ho！ ye evil spirits who dwell in the trees； ye evil spirits who live in the grottoes； ye evil spirits who lodge in the earth； we give you these pivot…guns； these gongs； etc。 Let the sickness cease and not so many people die of it。 Then everybody runs home as fast as their legs can carry them。
In the island of Nias； when a man is seriously ill and other remedies have been tried in vain； the sorcerer proceeds to exorcise the devil who is causing the illness。 A pole is set up in front of the house； and from the top of the pole a rope of palm…leaves is stretched to the roof of the house。 Then the sorcerer mounts the roof with a pig； which he kills and allows to roll from the roof to the ground。 The devil； anxious to get the pig； lets himself down hastily from the roof by the rope of palm…leaves； and a good spirit； invoked by the sorcerer； prevents him from climbing up again。 If this remedy fails； it is believed that other devils must still be lurking in the house。 So a general hunt is made after them。 All the doors and windows in the house are closed； except a single dormer…window in the roof。 The men； shut up in the house； hew and slash with their swords right and left to the clash of gongs and the rub…a…dub of drums。 Terrified at this onslaught； the devils escape by the dormer…window； and sliding down the rope of palm…leaves take themselves off。 As all the doors and windows； except the one in the roof； are shut； the devils cannot get into the house again。 In the case of an epidemic； the proceedings are similar。 All the gates of the village； except one； are closed； every voice is raised； every gong and drum beaten； every sword brandished。 Thus the devils are driven out and the last gate is shut behind them。 For eight days thereafter the village is in a state of siege； no one being allowed to enter it。
When cholera has broken out in a Burmese village the able…bodied men scramble on the roofs and lay about them with bamboos and billets of wood； while all the rest of the population； old and young； stand below and thump drums； blow trumpets； yell； scream； beat floors； walls； tin pans； everything to make a din。 This uproar； repeated on three successive nights； is thought to be very effective in driving away the cholera demons。 When smallpox first appeared amongst the Kumis of South…Eastern India； they thought it was a devil come from Aracan。 The villages were placed in a state of siege； no one being allowed to leave or enter them。 A monkey was killed by being dashed on the ground； and its body was hung at the village gate。 Its blood； mixed with small river pebbles； was sprinkled on the houses； the threshold of every house was swept with the monkey's tail； and the fiend was adjured to depart。
When an epidemic is raging on the Gold Coast of West Africa； the people will sometimes turn out； armed with clubs and torches； to drive the evil spirits away。 At a given signal the whole population begin with frightful yells to beat in every corner of the houses； then rush like mad into the streets waving torches and striking frantically in the empty air。 The uproar goes on till somebody reports that the cowed and daunted demons have made good their escape by a gate of the town or village； the people stream out after them； pursue them for some distance into the forest； and warn them never to return。 The expulsion of the devils is followed by a general massacre of all the cocks in the village or town； lest by their unseasonable crowing they should betray to the banished demons the direction they must take to return to their old homes。 When sickness was prevalent in a Huron village； and all other remedies had been tried in vain； the Indians had recourse to the ceremony called Lonouyroya； which is the principal invention and most proper means； so they say； to expel from the town or village the devils and evil spirits which cause； induce； and import all the maladies and infirmities which they suffer in body and mind。 Accordingly； one evening the men would begin to rush like madmen about the village； breaking and upsetting whatever they came across in the wigwams。 They threw fire and burning brands about the streets； and all night long they ran howling and singing without cessation。 Then they all dreamed of something； a knife； dog； skin； or whatever it might be； and when morning came they went from wigwam to wigwam asking for presents。 These they received silently； till the particular thing was given them which they had dreamed about。 On receiving it they uttered a cry of joy and rushed from the hut； amid the congratulations of all present。 The health of those who received what they had dreamed of was believed to be assured； whereas those who did not get what they had set their hearts upon regarded their fate as sealed。
Sometimes； instead of chasing the demon of disease from their homes； savages prefer to leave him in peaceable possession； while they themselves take to flight and attempt to prevent him from following in their tracks。 Thus when the Patagonians were attacked by small…pox； which they attributed to the machinations of an evil spirit； they used to abandon their sick and flee； slashing the air with their weapons and throwing water about in order to keep off the dreadful pursuer； and when after several days' march they reached a place where they hoped to be beyond his reach； they used by way of precaution to plant all their cutting weapons with the sharp edges turned towards the quarter from which they had come； as if they were repelling a charge of cavalry。 Similarly； when the Lules or Tonocotes Indians of the Gran Chaco were attacked by an epidemic； they regularly sought to evade it by flight； but in so doing they always followed a sinuous； not a straight； course； because they said that when the disease made after them he would be so exhausted by the turnings and windings of the route that he would never be able to come up with them。 When the Indians of New Mexico were decimated by smallpox or other infectious disease； they used to shift their quarters every day； retreating into the most sequestered parts of the mountains and choosing the thorniest thickets they could find； in the hope that the smallpox would be too afraid of scratching himself on the thorns to follow them。 When some Chins on a visit to Rangoon were attacked by cholera； they went about with drawn swords to scare away the demon； and they spent the day hiding under bushes so that he might not be able to find them。
3。 The Periodic Expulsion ofEvils
THE EXPULSION of evils； from being occasional； tends to become periodic。 It comes to be thought desirable to have a general riddance of evil spirits at fixed times； usually once a year； in order that the people may make a fresh start in life； freed from all the malignant influences which have been long accumulating about them。 Some of the Australian blacks annually expelled the ghosts of the dead from their territory。 The ceremony was witnessed by the Rev。 W。 Ridley on the banks of the River Barwan。 A chorus of twenty； old and young； were singing and beating time with boomerangs 。 Suddenly； from under a sheet of bark darted a man with his body whitened by pipeclay； his head and face coloured with lines of red and yellow； and a tuft of feathers fixed by means of a stick two feet above the crown of his head。 He stood twenty minutes perfectly still； gazing upwards。 An aboriginal who stood by told me he was looking for the ghosts of dead men。 At last he began to move very slowly； and soon rushed to and fro at full speed； flourishing a branch as if to drive away some foes invisible to us。 When I thought this pantomime must be almost over； ten more； similarly adorned； suddenly appeared from behind the trees； and the whole party joined in a brisk conflict with their mysterious assailants。 At last； after some rapid evolutions in which they put forth all their strength； they rested from the exciting toil which they had kept up all night and for some hours after sunrise； they seemed satisfied that the ghosts were driven away for twelve months。 They were performing the same ceremony at every station along the river； and I am told it is an annual custom。
Certain seasons of the year mark themselves naturally out as appropriate moments for a general expulsion of devils。 Such a moment occurs towards the close of an Arctic winter； when the sun reappears on the horizon after an absence of weeks or months。 Accordingly； at Point Barrow； the most northerly extremity of Alaska； and nearly of America； the Esquimaux choose the moment of the sun's reappearance to hunt the mischievous spirit Tu？a from every house。 The ceremony was witnessed by the members of the United States