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hrone for a short time。 The history of Persia furnishes instances of such occasional substitutes for the Shah。 Thus Shah Abbas the Great； being warned by his astrologers in the year 1591 that a serious danger impended over him； attempted to avert the omen by abdicating the throne and appointing a certain unbeliever named Yusoofee； probably a Christian； to reign in his stead。 The substitute was accordingly crowned； and for three days； if we may trust the Persian historians； he enjoyed not only the name and the state but the power of the king。 At the end of his brief reign he was put to death： the decree of the stars was fulfilled by this sacrifice； and Abbas； who reascended his throne in a most propitious hour； was promised by his astrologers a long and glorious reign。
Chapter 26。 Sacrifice of the King's Son。
A POINT to notice about the temporary kings described in the foregoing chapter is that in two places （Cambodia and Jambi） they come of a stock which is believed to be akin to the royal family。 If the view here taken of the origin of these temporary kingships is correct； we can easily understand why the king's substitute should sometimes be of the same race as the king。 When the king first succeeded in getting the life of another accepted as a sacrifice instead of his own； he would have to show that the death of that other would serve the purpose quite as well as his own would have done。 Now it was as a god or demigod that the king had to die； therefore the substitute who died for him had to be invested； at least for the occasion； with the divine attributes of the king。 This； as we have just seen； was certainly the case with the temporary kings of Siam and Cambodia； they were invested with the supernatural functions； which in an earlier stage of society were the special attributes of the king。 But no one could so well represent the king in his divine character as his son； who might be supposed to share the divine afflatus of his father。 No one； therefore； could so appropriately die for the king and； through him； for the whole people； as the king's son。
We have seen that according to tradition； Aun or On； King of Sweden； sacrificed nine of his sons to Odin at Upsala in order that his own life might be spared。 After he had sacrificed his second son he received from the god an answer that he should live so long as he gave him one of his sons every ninth year。 When he had sacrificed his seventh son； he still lived； but was so feeble that he could not walk but had to be carried in a chair。 Then he offered up his eighth son； and lived nine years more； lying in his bed。 After that he sacrificed his ninth son； and lived another nine years； but so that he drank out of a horn like a weaned child。 He now wished to sacrifice his only remaining son to Odin； but the Swedes would not allow him。 So he died and was buried in a mound at Upsala。
In ancient Greece there seems to have been at least one kingly house of great antiquity of which the eldest sons were always liable to be sacrificed in room of their royal sires。 When Xerxes was marching through Thessaly at the head of his mighty host to attack the Spartans at Thermopylae； he came to the town of Alus。 Here he was shown the sanctuary of Laphystian Zeus； about which his guides told him a strange tale。 It ran somewhat as follows。 Once upon a time the king of the country； by name Athamas； married a wife Nephele； and had by her a son called Phrixus and a daughter named Helle。 Afterwards he took to himself a second wife called Ino； by whom he had two sons； Learchus and Melicertes。 But his second wife was jealous of her stepchildren； Phrixus and Helle； and plotted their death。 She went about very cunningly to compass her bad end。 First of all she persuaded the women of the country to roast the seed corn secretly before it was committed to the ground。 So next year no crops came up and the people died of famine。 Then the king sent messengers to the oracle at Delphi to enquire the cause of the dearth。 But the wicked stepmother bribed the messenger to give out as the answer of the god that the dearth would never cease till the children of Athamas by his first wife had been sacrificed to Zeus。 When Athamas heard that； he sent for the children； who were with the sheep。 But a ram with a fleece of gold opened his lips； and speaking with the voice of a man warned the children of their danger。 So they mounted the ram and fled with him over land and sea。 As they flew over the sea； the girl slipped from the animal's back； and falling into water was drowned。 But her brother Phrixus was brought safe to the land of Colchis； where reigned a child of the sun。 Phrixus married the king's daughter； and she bore him a son Cytisorus。 And there he sacrificed the ram with the golden fleece to Zeus the God of Flight； but some will have it that he sacrificed the animal to Laphystian Zeus。 The golden fleece itself he gave to his wife's father； who nailed it to an oak tree； guarded by a sleepless dragon in a sacred grove of Ares。 Meanwhile at home an oracle had commanded that King Athamas himself should be sacrificed as an expiatory offering for the whole country。 So the people decked him with garlands like a victim and led him to the altar； where they were just about to sacrifice him when he was rescued either by his grandson Cytisorus； who arrived in the nick of time from Colchis； or by Hercules； who brought tidings that the king's son Phrixus was yet alive。 Thus Athamas was saved； but afterward he went mad； and mistaking his son Learchus for a wild beast； shot him dead。 Next he attempted the life of his remaining son Melicertes； but the child was rescued by his mother Ino； who ran and threw herself and him from a high rock into the sea。 Mother and son were changed into marine divinities； and the son received special homage in the isle of Tenedos； where babes were sacrificed to him。 Thus bereft of wife and children the unhappy Athamas quitted his country； and on enquiring of the oracle where he should dwell was told to take up his abode wherever he should be entertained by wild beasts。 He fell in with a pack of wolves devouring sheep； and when they saw him they fled and left him the bleeding remnants of their prey。 In this way the oracle was fulfilled。 But because King Athamas had not been sacrificed as a sin…offering for the whole country； it was divinely decreed that the eldest male scion of his family in each generation should be sacrificed without fail； if ever he set foot in the town…hall； where the offerings were made to Laphystian Zeus by one of the house of Athamas。 Many of the family； Xerxes was informed； had fled to foreign lands to escape this doom； but some of them had returned long afterwards； and being caught by the sentinels in the act of entering the town…hall were wreathed as victims； led forth in procession； and sacrificed。 These instances appear to have been notorious； if not frequent； for the writer of a dialogue attributed to Plato； after speaking of the immolation of human victims by the Carthaginians； adds that such practices were not unknown among the Greeks； and he refers with horror to the sacrifices offered on Mount Lycaeus and by the descendants of Athamas。
The suspicion that this barbarous custom by no means fell into disuse even in later days is strengthened by a case of human sacrifice which occurred in Plutarch's time at Orchomenus； a very ancient city of Boeotia； distant only a few miles across the plain from the historian's birthplace。 Here dwelt a family of which the men went by the name of Psoloeis or Sooty； and the women by the name of Oleae or Destructive。 Every year at the festival of the Agrionia the priest of Dionysus pursued these women with a drawn sword； and if he overtook one of them he had the right to slay her。 In Plutarch's lifetime the right was actually exercised by a priest Zoilus。 The family thus liable to furnish at least one human victim every year was of royal descent； for they traced their lineage to Minyas； the famous old king of Orchomenus； the monarch of fabulous wealth； whose stately treasury； as it is called； still stands in ruins at the point where the long rocky hill of Orchomenus melts into the vast level expanse of the Copaic plain。 Tradition ran that the king's three daughters long despised the other women of the country for yielding to the Bacchic frenzy； and sat at home in the king's house scornfully plying the distaff and the loom； while the rest； wreathed with flowers； their dishevelled locks streaming to the wind； roamed in ecstasy the barren mountains that rise above Orchomenus； making the solitude of the hills to echo to the wild music of cymbals and tambourines。 But in time the divine fury infected even the royal damsels in their quiet chamber； they were seized with a fierce longing to partake of human flesh； and cast lots among themselves which should give up her child to furnish a cannibal feast。 The lot fell on Leucippe； and she surrendered her son Hippasus； who was torn limb from limb by the three。 From these misguided women sprang the Oleae and the Psoloeis； of whom the men were said to be so called because they wore sad…coloured raiment in token of their mourning and grief。
Now this practice of taking human victims from a family of