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resident populations and their cattle； the grants being engraved on plates of
metal；＇8＇ so that afterwards they were handed down from king to king；
without any daring to annul them； and they remain even to the present
time。
The regular business of the monks is to perform acts of meritorious
virtue； and to recite their Sutras and sit wrapt in meditation。 When stranger
monks arrive （at any monastery）； the old residents meet and receive them；
carry for them their clothes and alms…bowl； give them water to wash their
feet； oil with which to anoint them； and the liquid food permitted out of
the regular hours。＇9＇ When （the stranger） has enjoyed a very brief rest；
they further ask the number of years that he has been a monk； after which
he receives a sleeping apartment with its appurtenances； according to his
regular order； and everything is done for him which the rules
prescribe。＇10＇
Where a community of monks resides； they erect topes to
Sariputtra；＇11＇ to Maha…maudgalyayana；＇12＇ and to Ananda；＇13＇ and also
topes （in honour） of the Abhidharma； the Vinaya； and the Sutras。 A month
after the （annual season of） rest； the families which are looking out for
blessing stimulate one another＇14＇ to make offerings to the monks； and
send round to them the liquid food which may be taken out of the ordinary
hours。 All the monks come together in a great assembly； and preach the
Law；＇15＇ after which offerings are presented at the tope of Sariputtra； with
all kinds of flowers and incense。 All through the night lamps are kept
burning； and skilful musicians are employed to perform。＇16＇
When Sariputtra was a great Brahman； he went to Buddha； and begged
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A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS
（to be permitted） to quit his family （and become a monk）。 The great
Mugalan and the great Kasyapa＇17＇ also did the same。 The bhikshunis＇18＇
for the most part make their offerings at the tope of Ananda； because it
was he who requested the World…honoured one to allow females to quit
their families （and become nuns）。 The Sramaneras＇19＇ mostly make their
offerings to Rahula。＇20＇ The professors of the Abhidharma make their
offerings to it； those of the Vinaya to it。 Every year there is one such
offering； and each class has its own day for it。 Students of the mahayana
present offerings to the Prajna…paramita；＇21＇ to Manjusri；＇22＇ and to
Kwan…she…yin。＇23＇ When the monks have done receiving their annual
tribute （from the harvests）；＇24＇ the Heads of the Vaisyas and all the
Brahmans bring clothes and other such articles as the monks require for
use； and distribute among them。 The monks； having received them； also
proceed to give portions to one another。 From the nirvana of Buddha；＇25＇
the forms of ceremony； laws； and rules； practised by the sacred
communities； have been handed down from one generation to another
without interruption。
From the place where （the travellers） crossed the Indus to Southern
India； and on to the Southern Sea； a distance of forty or fifty thousand le；
all is level plain。 There are no large hills with streams （among them）； there
are simply the waters of the rivers。
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NOTES
＇1＇ Muttra； 〃the peacock city；〃 lat。 27d 30s N。； lon。 77d 43s E。
（Hunter）； the birthplace of Krishna； whose emblem is the peacock。
＇2＇ This must be the Jumna； or Yamuna。 Why it is called； as here； the
P'oo…na has yet to be explained。
＇3＇ In Pali； Majjhima…desa； 〃the Middle Country。〃 See Davids'
〃Buddhist Birth Stories；〃 page 61； note。
＇4＇ Eitel （pp。 145； 6） says； 〃The name Chandalas is explained by
'butchers；' 'wicked men；' and those who carry 'the awful flag；' to warn off
their betters；the lowest and most despised caste of India； members of
which； however； when converted； were admitted even into the ranks of the
priesthood。〃
＇5＇ 〃Cowries；〃 ｛。｝ ｛。｝； not 〃shells and ivory；〃 as one might suppose；
but cowries alone； the second term entering into the name from the marks
inside the edge of the shell； resembling 〃the teeth of fishes。〃
＇6＇ See chapter xii； note 3； Buddha's pari…nirvana is equivalent to
Buddha's death。
＇7＇ See chapter xiii； note 6。 The order of the characters is different here；
but with the same meaning。
＇8＇ See the preparation of such a deed of grant in a special case； as
related in chapter xxxix。 No doubt in Fa…hien's time； and long before and
after it； it was the custom to engrave such deeds on plates of metal。
＇9＇ 〃No monk can eat solid food except between sunrise and noon；〃
and total abstinence from intoxicating drinks is obligatory （Davids'
Manual； p。 163）。 Food eaten at any other part of the day is called vikala；
and forbidden； but a weary traveller might receive unseasonable
refreshment； consisting； as Watters has shown （Ch。 Rev。 viii。 282）； of
honey； butter； treacle； and sesamum oil。
＇10＇ The expression here is somewhat perplexing； but it occurs again
in chapter xxxviii； and the meaning is clear。 See Watters； Ch。 Rev。 viii。 282；
3。 The rules are given at length in the Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xx； p。
272 and foll。； and p。 279 and foll。
＇11＇ Sariputtra （Singh。 Seriyut） was one of the principal disciples of
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Buddha； and indeed the most learned and ingenious of them all； so that he
obtained the title of ｛。｝ ｛。｝； 〃knowledge and wisdom。〃 He is also called
Buddha's 〃right…hand attendant。〃 His name is derived from that of his
mother Sarika； the wife of Tishya； a native of Nalanda。 In Spence Hardy；
he often appears under the name of Upatissa （Upa… tishya）； derived from
his father。 Several Sastras are ascribed to him； and indeed the followers of
the Abhidharma look on him as their founder。 He died before Sakyamuni；
but is to reappear as a future Buddha。 Eitel； pp。 123； 124。
＇12＇ Mugalan； the Singhalese name of this disciple； is more
pronounceable。 He also was one of the principal disciples； called Buddha's
〃left…hand attendant。〃 He was distinguished for his power of vision； and
his magical powers。 The name in the text is derived from the former
attribute； and it was by the latter that he took up an artist to Tushita to get a
view of Sakyamuni； and so make a statue of him。 （Compare the similar
story in chap。 vi。） He went to hell； and released his mother。 He also died
before Sakyamuni； and is to reappear as Buddha。 Eitel； p。 65。
＇13＇ See chapter xii； note 2。
＇14＇ A passage rather difficult to construe。 The 〃families〃 would be
those more devout than their neighbours。
＇15＇ One rarely hears this preaching in China。 It struck me most as I
once heard it at Osaka in Japan。 There was a pulpit in a large hall of the
temple； and the audience sat around on the matted floor。 One priest took
the pulpit after another； and the hearers nodded their heads occasionally；
and indicated their sympathy now and then by an audible 〃h'm；〃 which
reminded me of Carlyle's description of meetings of 〃The Ironsides〃 of
Cromwell。
＇16＇ This last statement is wanting in the Chinese editions。
＇17＇ There was a Kasyapa Buddha； anterior to Sakyamuni。 But this
Maha… kasyapa was a Brahman of Magadha； who was converted by
Buddha； and became one of his disciples。 He took the lead after
Sakyamuni's death； convoked and directed the first synod； from which his
title of Arya… sthavira is derived。 As the first compiler of the Canon； he is
considered the fountain of Chinese orthodoxy； and counted as the first
patriarch。 He also is to be reborn as Buddha。 Eitel； p。