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the origins of contemporary france-1-第124章

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arpents; 200 livres。



3。  To the steward or registrar; to preserve the archives; look

after repairs; collect lods et ventes; and fines; 432 livres; besides

the use of ten arpente。



4。  To the king; the vingtièmes。  Formerly the estates of Blet and

Brosses paid 810 livres for the two vingtièmes and the two sous per

livre。  After the establishment of the third vingtième they paid 1;216

livres。



Notes:

'1' Archives nationales; G。 319 (〃Etat actuel de la Direction de Bourges au point de vue des aides;〃 1774)。



'2' Blet; at the present day; contains 1;629 inhabitants。 (This was around 1884; in 1996 it remains 
a small commune and a village of 800 people on the route nationale N76 between Bourges and Sancoins。 SR。)



'3' The farms of Blet and Brosses really produce nothing for the proprietor; inasmuch as the tithes and the 
champart (field…rents); (articles 22 and 23); are comprehended in the rate of the leases。





END…NOTE 3:



DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACTUAL AND NOMINAL REVENUES OF

ECCLESIASTICAL DIGNITIES AND BENEFICES。



According to Raudot (〃La France avant la Revolution;〃 p。84); one…

half extra must be added to the official valuation; according to

Boiteau (〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 p。195); this must be tripled and

even quadrupled。  I think that; for the episcopal sees; one…half extra

should be added and; for the abbeys and priories; double; and

sometimes triple and even quadruple the amount。  The following facts

show the variation between official and actual sums。



1。  In the 〃Almanach Royal;〃 the bishopric of Troyes is valued at

14;000 livres; in 〃France Ecclésiastique of 1788;〃 at 50;000。

According to Albert Babeau (〃Histoire de la Révolution dans le

department de l'Aube〃); it brings in 70;000 livres。  In 〃France

Ecclésiastique;〃 the bishopric of Strasbourg is put down at 400;000

livres。  According to the Duc de Lévis (〃Souvenirs;〃 p。  156) it brings

in at least 600;000 livres income。



2。  In the same work; the abbey of Jumiéges is assigned for 23;000

livres。  I find; in the papers of the ecclesiastic committee; it brings

to the abbé 50;000 livres。  In this work the abbey of Bèze is estimated

at 8;000 livres。  I find it bringing to the monks alone 30;000; while

the abbés portion is at least as large。  (〃De l'Etat religieux; par les

abbés de Bonnefoi et Bernard。;〃 1784)。  The abbé thus receives 30;000

livres; Bernay (Eure);。  is officially reported at 16;000。  The

〃Doleances〃 of the cahiers estimate it at 57;000。  Saint…Amand is put

down as bringing to the Cardinal of York 6;000 livres and actually

brings him 100;000。  (De Luynes; XIII。  215)。



Clairvaux; in the same work; is put down at 9;000; and in

Warroquier (〃Etat Général de la France en 1789;〃) at 60;000。  According

to Beugnot; who belongs to the country; and a practical man; the abbé

has from 300;000 to 400;000 livres income。



Saint…Faron; says Boiteau; set down at 18;000 livres; is worth

120;000 livres。



The abbey of Saint…Germain des Près (in the stewardships); is put

down at 100;000 livres。  The Comte de Clermont; who formerly had it;

leased it at 160; 000 livres; 〃not including reserved fields and all

that the farmers furnished in straw and oats for his horses。〃 (Jules

Cousin; 〃Comte de Clermont and his Court。〃)



Saint…Waas d'Arras; according to 〃La France Ecclésiastique;〃 brings

40;000 livres。  Cardinal de Rohan refused 1;000 livres per month for

his portion offered to him by the monks。  (Duc de Lévis; 〃Souvenirs;〃

p。  156)。  Its value thus is about 300;000 livres。



Remiremont; the abbess always being a royal princess; one of the

most powerful monasteries; the richest and best endowed; is officially

valued at the ridiculous sum of 15;000 livres。









END…NOTE 4:



ON THE EDUCATION OF PRINCES AND PRINCESSES。



An entire chapter might be devoted to this subject; I shall cite

but a few texts。



(Barbier; 〃Journal;〃 October; 1670)。  The Dauphine has just given

birth to an infant。



〃La jeune princesse en est a sa quatrieme nourrice。  。  。  。  Jai

appris à cette occasion que tout se fait par forme à la cour; suivant

un protocole de médecin; en sorte que c'est un miracle d'élever un

prince et une princesse。  La nourrice n'a d'autres fonctions que de

donner à têter à l'enfant quand on le lui apporte; elle ne peut pas

lui toucher。  Il y a des remueuses et femmes préposées pour cela; mais

qui n'ont point d'ordre à recevoir de la nourrice。  Il y a des heures

pour remuer l'enfant; trois ou quatre fois dans la journée。  Si

l'enfant dort; on le réveille pour le remuer。  Si; après avoir été

changé; il fait dans ses langes; il reste ainsi trois ou quatre heures

dans son ordure。  Si une epingle le pique; la nourrice ne doit pas

l'?ter; il faut chercher et attendre une autre femme; l'enfant crie

dans tons ces cas; il se tuurmente et s'échauffe; en sorte que c'est

une vraie misère que toutes ces cérémonies。〃



(Madame de Genlis; 〃Souvenirs de Félicie;〃 p。74。  Conversation with

Madame Louise; daughter of Louis XV。; and recently become a

Carmelite)。



〃I should like to know what troubled you most in getting accustomed

to your new profession?



〃You could never imagine;〃 she replied; smiling。  〃It was the

descent of a small flight of steps alone by myself。  At first it seemed

to me a dreadful precipice; and I was obliged to sit down on the steps

and slide down in that attitude。〃   … 〃A princess; indeed; who had

never descended any but the grand staircase at Versailles; leaning on

the arm of her cavalier in waiting and surrounded by pages;

necessarily trembled on finding herself alone on the brink of steep

winding steps。  (Such is) the education; so absurd in many respects;

generally bestowed on persons of this rank; always watched from

infancy; followed; assisted; escorted and everything anticipated;

(they) are thus; in great part; deprived of the faculties with which

nature has endowed them。〃







Madame Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  58; 28。



〃Madame Louise often told me that; although twelve years of age;

she had not fully learned the alphabet。  。  。  。



〃It was necessary to decide absolutely whether a certain water…bird

was fat or lean。  Madame Victoire consulted a bishop。  。  。  。  He replied

that; in a doubt of this kind; after having the bird cooked it would

be necessary to puncture it on a very cold silver dish and; if the

juice coagulated in one…quarter of an hour; the bird might be

considered fat。  Madame Victoire immediately put it to test; the juice

did not coagulate。  The princess was highly delighted; as she was very

fond of this species of game。  Fasting (on religious grounds); to which

Madame Victoire was addicted; put her to inconvenience; accordingly

she awaited the midnight stroke of Holy Saturday impatiently。  A dish

of chicken and rice and other succulent dishes were then at once

served up。〃



(〃Journal de Dumont d'Urville;〃 commanding the vessel on which

Charles X。  left France in 1830。  Quoted by Vaulabelle; History of the

Restoration; VIII。  p。465)。



〃The king and the Duc d'Angoulême questioned me on my various

campaigns; but especially on my voyage around the world in the

'Astrolabe。' My narrative seemed to interest them very much; their

interruptions consisting of questions of remarkable naiveté; showing

that they possessed no notions whatever; even the most superficial; on

the sciences or on voyages; being as ignorant on these points as any

of the old rentiers of the Marais。





                               Note 5。

                     On the rate of direct taxation。



The following figures are extracted from the proces…verbaux of the provincial assemblies (1778…1787)



______________________________________________________________________

                               Access…                           Total en

                     Taille。   iores de   Capitation Impot des  multiples

                               la taille。 taillable。 routes。 de la taille。



__________________________________________________________________________

Ile…de…France;        4;296;040  2;207;826  2;689;287   519;989     2;23

Lyonnais;             1;356;954    903;653    898;089   315;869     2;61

Géneralité de Rouen;  2;671;939  1;595;051  1;715;592   598;258'1'  2;46

Généralité de Caen;   1;939;665  1;212;429  1;187;823   659;034     2;56

Berry;                  821;921    448;431    464;955   236;900     2;50

Poitou;               2;309;681  1;113;766  1;403;402   520;000     2;30

Soissonnats;          1;062;392    911;883    734;899   462;883     2;94

Orléanais;            2;353;892  1;256;125  1;485;720   586;385     2;34

Champagne;            1;783;850  1;459;780  1;377;371   807;280     3;00

Généralité d'Alencon; 1;742;655  1;120;041  1;067;849   435;637     2;47

Auvergne              1;999;040  1;399;678  1;753;026   310;468     2;
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