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id£»¡¡the¡¡plaintiff¡¡may¡¡meet¡¡this¡¡defence¡¡in¡¡some¡¡cases¡¡by¡¡showing¡¡that¡¡the¡¡words¡¡were¡¡spoken¡¡with¡¡actual¡¡malice¡£

All¡¡this¡¡sounds¡¡as¡¡if¡¡at¡¡least¡¡actual¡¡intent¡¡to¡¡cause¡¡the¡¡damage¡¡complained¡¡of£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡malevolence£»¡¡were¡¡at¡¡the¡¡bottom¡¡of¡¡this¡¡class¡¡of¡¡wrongs¡£¡¡Yet¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡so¡£¡¡For¡¡although¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡phrase¡¡¡¨malice¡¨¡¡points¡¡as¡¡usual¡¡to¡¡an¡¡original¡¡moral¡¡standard£»¡¡the¡¡rule¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡presumed¡¡upon¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡speaking¡¡certain¡¡words¡¡is¡¡equivalent¡¡to¡¡saying¡¡that¡¡the¡¡overt¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡speaking¡¡those¡¡words¡¡may¡¡be¡¡actionable¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡consequence¡¡of¡¡damage¡¡to¡¡the¡¡plaintiff¡¡was¡¡intended¡¡or¡¡not¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡fails¡¡in¡¡with¡¡the¡¡general¡¡theory£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡manifest¡¡tendency¡¡of¡¡slanderous¡¡words¡¡is¡¡to¡¡harm¡¡the¡¡person¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡are¡¡spoken¡£¡¡Again£»¡¡the¡¡real¡¡substance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡defence¡¡is¡¡not¡¡that¡¡the¡¡damage¡¡£§139£§¡¡was¡¡not¡¡intended£»¡¡¡¡that¡¡would¡¡be¡¡no¡¡defence¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡but¡¡that£»¡¡whether¡¡it¡¡was¡¡intended¡¡or¡¡not£»that¡¡is£»¡¡even¡¡if¡¡the¡¡defendant¡¡foresaw¡¡it¡¡and¡¡foresaw¡¡it¡¡with¡¡pleasure£»the¡¡manifest¡¡facts¡¡and¡¡circumstances¡¡under¡¡which¡¡he¡¡said¡¡it¡¡were¡¡such¡¡that¡¡the¡¡law¡¡considered¡¡the¡¡damage¡¡to¡¡the¡¡plaintiff¡¡of¡¡less¡¡importance¡¡than¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡free¡¡speaking¡£

It¡¡is¡¡more¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡apply¡¡the¡¡same¡¡analysis¡¡to¡¡the¡¡last¡¡stage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡process£»¡¡but¡¡perhaps¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡impossible¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡said¡¡that¡¡the¡¡plaintiff¡¡may¡¡meet¡¡a¡¡case¡¡of¡¡privilege¡¡thus¡¡made¡¡out¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡defendant£»¡¡by¡¡proving¡¡actual¡¡malice£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡actual¡¡intent¡¡to¡¡cause¡¡the¡¡damage¡¡complained¡¡of¡£¡¡But¡¡how¡¡is¡¡this¡¡actual¡¡malice¡¡made¡¡out£¿¡¡It¡¡is¡¡by¡¡showing¡¡that¡¡the¡¡defendant¡¡knew¡¡the¡¡statement¡¡which¡¡he¡¡made¡¡was¡¡false£»¡¡or¡¡that¡¡his¡¡untrue¡¡statements¡¡were¡¡grossly¡¡in¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡what¡¡the¡¡occasion¡¡required¡£¡¡Now¡¡is¡¡it¡¡not¡¡very¡¡evident¡¡that¡¡the¡¡law¡¡is¡¡looking¡¡to¡¡a¡¡wholly¡¡different¡¡matter¡¡from¡¡the¡¡defendant's¡¡intent£¿¡¡The¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡defendant¡¡foresaw¡¡and¡¡foresaw¡¡with¡¡pleasure¡¡the¡¡damage¡¡to¡¡the¡¡plaintiff£»¡¡is¡¡of¡¡no¡¡more¡¡importance¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡than¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡where¡¡the¡¡communication¡¡was¡¡privileged¡£¡¡The¡¡question¡¡again¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡a¡¡question¡¡of¡¡knowledge£»¡¡or¡¡other¡¡external¡¡standard¡£¡¡And¡¡what¡¡makes¡¡even¡¡knowledge¡¡important£¿¡¡It¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡for¡¡which¡¡a¡¡man¡¡is¡¡allowed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡other¡¡instances¡¡to¡¡make¡¡false¡¡charges¡¡against¡¡his¡¡neighbors¡¡is¡¡wanting¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡for¡¡the¡¡public¡¡interest¡¡that¡¡people¡¡should¡¡be¡¡free¡¡to¡¡give¡¡the¡¡best¡¡information¡¡they¡¡can¡¡under¡¡certain¡¡circumstances¡¡without¡¡fear£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡public¡¡benefit¡¡in¡¡having¡¡lies¡¡told¡¡at¡¡any¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡a¡¡charge¡¡is¡¡known¡¡to¡¡be¡¡false£»¡¡or¡¡is¡¡in¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡required¡¡by¡¡the¡¡occasion£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡make¡¡that¡¡charge¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡speak¡¡freely£»¡¡and¡¡£§140£§¡¡therefore¡¡it¡¡falls¡¡under¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡rule£»¡¡that¡¡certain¡¡charges¡¡are¡¡made¡¡at¡¡the¡¡party's¡¡peril¡¡in¡¡case¡¡they¡¡turn¡¡out¡¡to¡¡be¡¡false£»¡¡whether¡¡evil¡¡consequences¡¡were¡¡intended¡¡or¡¡not¡£¡¡The¡¡defendant¡¡is¡¡liable£»¡¡not¡¡because¡¡his¡¡intent¡¡was¡¡evil£»¡¡but¡¡because¡¡he¡¡made¡¡false¡¡charges¡¡without¡¡excuse¡£

It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡the¡¡peril¡¡of¡¡conduct¡¡here¡¡begins¡¡farther¡¡back¡¡than¡¡with¡¡deceit£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡tendency¡¡of¡¡slander¡¡is¡¡more¡¡universally¡¡harmful¡£¡¡There¡¡must¡¡be¡¡some¡¡concomitant¡¡circumstances¡£¡¡There¡¡must¡¡at¡¡least¡¡be¡¡a¡¡human¡¡being¡¡in¡¡existence¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡statement¡¡designates¡£¡¡There¡¡must¡¡be¡¡another¡¡human¡¡being¡¡within¡¡hearing¡¡who¡¡understands¡¡the¡¡statement£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡statement¡¡must¡¡be¡¡false¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡arguable¡¡that¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡of¡¡these¡¡facts¡¡need¡¡not¡¡be¡¡known£»¡¡as¡¡certainly¡¡the¡¡falsity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡need¡¡not¡¡be£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡a¡¡man¡¡must¡¡take¡¡the¡¡risk¡¡of¡¡even¡¡an¡¡idle¡¡statement¡¡being¡¡heard£»¡¡unless¡¡he¡¡made¡¡it¡¡under¡¡known¡¡circumstances¡¡of¡¡privilege¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡no¡¡great¡¡curtailment¡¡of¡¡freedom¡¡to¡¡deny¡¡a¡¡man¡¡immunity¡¡in¡¡attaching¡¡a¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡crime¡¡to¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡his¡¡neighbor£»¡¡even¡¡when¡¡he¡¡supposes¡¡himself¡¡alone¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡seem¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡the¡¡law¡¡would¡¡go¡¡quite¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡that¡£

The¡¡next¡¡form¡¡of¡¡liability¡¡is¡¡comparatively¡¡insignificant¡£¡¡I¡¡mean¡¡the¡¡action¡¡for¡¡malicious¡¡prosecution¡£¡¡A¡¡man¡¡may¡¡recover¡¡damages¡¡against¡¡another¡¡for¡¡maliciously¡¡and¡¡without¡¡probable¡¡cause¡¡instituting¡¡a¡¡criminal£»¡¡or£»¡¡in¡¡some¡¡cases£»¡¡a¡¡civil¡¡prosecution¡¡against¡¡him¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡false¡¡charge¡£¡¡The¡¡want¡¡of¡¡probable¡¡cause¡¡refers£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡only¡¡to¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡defendant's¡¡knowledge£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡his¡¡intent¡£¡¡It¡¡means¡¡the¡¡absence¡¡of¡¡probable¡¡cause¡¡in¡¡the¡¡facts¡¡known¡¡to¡¡the¡¡defendant¡¡when¡¡he¡¡instituted¡¡the¡¡suit¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡standard¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡the¡¡defendant's¡¡consciousness¡¡is¡¡external¡¡to¡¡it¡£¡¡The¡¡question¡¡is¡¡not¡¡whether¡¡he¡¡thought¡¡the¡¡£§141£§¡¡facts¡¡to¡¡constitute¡¡probable¡¡cause£»¡¡but¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡court¡¡thinks¡¡they¡¡did¡£

Then¡¡as¡¡to¡¡malice¡£¡¡The¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡the¡¡defendant¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡instituting¡¡proceedings¡¡on¡¡a¡¡charge¡¡which¡¡is¡¡in¡¡fact¡¡false£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡has¡¡not¡¡prevailed¡£¡¡That¡¡is¡¡the¡¡root¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡matter¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡was¡¡true£»¡¡or¡¡if¡¡the¡¡plaintiff¡¡has¡¡been¡¡convicted£»¡¡even¡¡though¡¡he¡¡may¡¡be¡¡able¡¡now¡¡to¡¡prove¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡wrongly¡¡convicted£»¡¡the¡¡defendant¡¡is¡¡safe£»¡¡however¡¡great¡¡his¡¡malice£»¡¡and¡¡however¡¡little¡¡ground¡¡he¡¡had¡¡for¡¡his¡¡charge¡£

Suppose£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡is¡¡false£»¡¡and¡¡does¡¡not¡¡prevail¡£¡¡It¡¡may¡¡readily¡¡be¡¡admitted¡¡that¡¡malice¡¡did¡¡originally¡¡mean¡¡a¡¡malevolent¡¡motive£»¡¡an¡¡actual¡¡intent¡¡to¡¡harm¡¡the¡¡plaintiff¡¡by¡¡making¡¡a¡¡false¡¡charge¡£¡¡The¡¡legal¡¡remedy¡¡here£»¡¡again£»¡¡started¡¡from¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡basis£»¡¡the¡¡occasion¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡no¡¡doubt£»¡¡being¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡that¡¡which¡¡gave¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡the¡¡old¡¡law¡¡of¡¡conspiracy£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡man's¡¡enemies¡¡would¡¡sometimes¡¡seek¡¡his¡¡destruction¡¡by¡¡setting¡¡the¡¡criminal¡¡law¡¡in¡¡motion¡¡against¡¡him¡£¡¡As¡¡it¡¡was¡¡punishable¡¡to¡¡combine¡¡for¡¡such¡¡a¡¡purpose£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡concluded£»¡¡with¡¡some¡¡hesitation£»¡¡that£»¡¡when¡¡a¡¡single¡¡individual¡¡wickedly¡¡attempted¡¡the¡¡same¡¡thing£»¡¡he¡¡should¡¡be¡¡liable¡¡on¡¡similar¡¡grounds¡£¡¡/1/¡¡I¡¡must¡¡fully¡¡admit¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡weighty¡¡authority¡¡to¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡that¡¡malice¡¡in¡¡its¡¡ordinary¡¡sense¡¡is¡¡to¡¡this¡¡day¡¡a¡¡distinct¡¡fact¡¡to¡¡be¡¡proved¡¡and¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡by¡¡the¡¡jury¡£

But¡¡this¡¡view¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡accepted¡¡without¡¡hesitation¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡admitted¡¡that£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡one¡¡side£»¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡probable¡¡cause£»¡¡believed¡¡in£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡justification¡¡notwithstanding¡¡malice£»¡¡/2/¡¡that£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡¡¨it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡show¡¡£§142£§¡¡that¡¡the¡¡case¡¡appeared¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡this¡¡particular¡¡party£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡induce¡¡a¡¡sober£»¡¡sensible¡¡and¡¡discreet¡¡person¡¡to¡¡act¡¡upon¡¡it£»¡¡or¡¡it¡¡must¡¡fail¡¡as¡¡a¡¡justification¡¡for¡¡the¡¡proceeding¡¡upon¡¡general¡¡grounds¡£¡¨¡¡/1/¡¡On¡¡the¡¡one¡¡side£»¡¡malice¡¡alone¡¡will¡¡not¡¡make¡¡a¡¡man¡¡liable¡¡for¡¡instituting¡¡a¡¡groundless¡¡prosecution£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡his¡¡justification¡¡will¡¡depend£»¡¡not¡¡on¡¡his¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡facts£»¡¡but¡¡on¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡court¡£¡¡When¡¡his¡¡actual¡¡moral¡¡condition¡¡is¡¡disregarded¡¡to¡¡this¡¡extent£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡little¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡an¡¡improper¡¡motive¡¡should¡¡be¡¡material¡£¡¡Yet¡¡that¡¡is¡¡what¡¡malice¡¡must¡¡mean¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡means¡¡anything¡£¡¡/2/¡¡For¡¡the¡¡evil¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡a¡¡successful¡¡indictment¡¡are¡¡of¡¡course¡¡intended¡¡by¡¡one¡¡who¡¡procures¡¡all¡¡other¡¡to¡¡be¡¡indicted¡£¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡but¡¡think¡¡that¡¡a¡¡jury¡¡would¡¡be¡¡told¡¡that¡¡knowledge¡¡or¡¡belief¡¡that¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡was¡¡false¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡making¡¡it¡¡was¡¡conclusive¡¡evidence¡¡of¡¡malice¡£¡¡And¡¡if¡¡so£»¡¡on¡¡grounds¡¡which¡¡need¡¡not¡¡be¡¡repeated£»¡¡malice¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡important¡¡thing£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡facts¡¡known¡¡to¡¡the¡¡defendant¡£

Nevertheless£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡obviously¡¡treading¡¡on¡¡delicate¡¡ground¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it¡¡actionable¡¡to¡¡set¡¡the¡¡regular¡¡processes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡law¡¡in¡¡motion£»¡¡it¡¡is£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡entirely¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the¡¡action¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡limited¡¡to¡¡those¡¡cases¡¡where¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡was¡¡preferred¡¡from¡¡improper¡¡motives£»¡¡at¡¡least¡¡if¡¡the¡¡defendant¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡probable¡¡cause¡£¡¡Such¡¡a¡¡limitation¡¡would¡¡stand¡¡almost¡¡alone¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡civil¡¡liability¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wrong¡¡is¡¡peculiar£»¡¡and£»¡¡moreover£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡consistent¡¡with¡¡the¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡liability¡¡here¡¡advanced¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡confined¡¡in¡¡any¡¡given¡¡instance¡¡to¡¡actual¡¡wrong¡­doing¡¡in¡¡a¡¡moral¡¡sense¡£

The¡¡only¡¡other¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡action¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡condition¡¡£§143£§¡¡of¡¡the¡¡defendant's¡¡consciousness¡¡might¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡be¡¡important¡¡is¡¡conspiracy¡£¡¡The¡¡old¡¡action¡¡going¡¡by¡¡that¡¡name¡¡was¡¡much¡¡like¡¡malicious¡¡prosecution£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡was¡¡originally¡¡confined¡¡to¡¡cases¡¡where¡¡several¡¡persons¡¡had¡¡conspired¡¡to¡¡indict¡¡another¡¡from¡¡malevolent¡¡motives¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡action¡¡on¡¡the¡¡case£»¡¡where¡¡conspiracy¡¡is¡¡charged£»¡¡the¡¡allegation¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡only¡¡means¡¡that¡¡two¡¡or¡¡more¡¡persons¡¡were¡¡so¡¡far¡¡co¡­operating¡¡in¡¡their¡¡acts¡¡that¡¡the¡¡act¡¡of¡¡any¡¡one¡¡was¡¡the¡¡act¡¡of¡¡all¡£¡¡Generally¡¡speaking£»¡¡the¡¡liability¡¡depends¡¡not¡¡on¡¡the¡¡co¡­operation¡¡or¡¡conspiring£»¡¡but¡¡on¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡acts¡¡done£»¡¡supposing¡¡them¡¡all¡¡to¡¡be¡¡done¡¡by¡¡one¡¡man£»¡¡or¡¡irrespective¡¡of¡¡the¡¡question¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡were¡¡done¡¡by¡¡one¡¡or¡¡several¡£¡¡There¡¡may¡¡be¡¡cases£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sure£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡result¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡accomplished£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡offence¡¡could¡¡not¡¡ordinarily¡¡be¡¡proved£»¡¡without¡¡a¡¡combination¡¡of¡¡several£»¡¡as£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡the¡¡removal¡¡of¡¡a¡¡teacher¡¡by¡¡a¡¡school¡¡board¡£¡¡The¡¡conspiracy¡¡would¡¡not¡¡affect¡¡the¡¡case¡¡except¡¡in¡¡a¡¡practical¡¡way£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡question¡¡would¡¡be¡¡raised¡¡whether£»¡¡notwithstanding¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡the¡¡board¡¡to¡¡remove£»¡¡proof¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡actuated¡¡by¡¡malevolence¡¡would¡¡not¡¡make¡¡a¡¡removal¡¡actionable¡£¡¡Policy£»¡¡it¡¡might¡¡be¡¡said£»¡¡forbids¡¡going¡¡behind¡¡their¡¡judgment£»¡¡but¡¡actual¡¡evil¡¡motives¡¡coupled¡¡with¡¡the¡¡absence¡¡of¡¡grounds¡¡withdraw¡¡this¡¡protection£»¡¡because¡¡policy£»¡¡although¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡require¡¡them¡¡to¡¡take¡¡the¡¡risk¡¡of¡¡being¡¡right£»¡¡does¡¡require¡¡that¡¡they¡¡should¡¡judge¡¡honestly¡¡on¡¡the¡¡merits¡£¡¡/1/

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