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the origins of contemporary france-2-第56章

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'40' Sanzay; I。  224 (November; 1790)。  At Besan?on; out of 266

monks; 〃79 only showed any loyalty to their engements or any

affection for their calling。〃 Others preferred to abandon it;

especially all the Dominicans but five; all but one of the bare

footed Carmelites; and all the Grand Carmelites。  The same

disposition is apparent throughout the department; as; for instance;

with the Benedictines of Cluny except one; all the Minimes but

three; all the Capuchins but five; the Bernandins; Dominicans; and

Augustins; all preferring to leave。    Montalembert; 〃Les Moines

d'Occident;〃 introduction; pp。  105…164。  Letter of a Benedictine of

Saint…Germain…des…Prés to a Benedictine of Vannes。  〃Of all the

members of your congregation which come here to lodge; I have

scarcely found one capable of edifying us。  You may probably say the

same of those who came to you from our place。〃   Cf。  in the

〃Mémoires〃 of Merlin de Thionville the description of the Chartreuse

of Val St。  Pierre。



'41' Ch。  Guerin; 〃Revue des Questions Historiques〃 (July 1; 1875;

April 1; 1876)。   Abbé Guettée; 〃Histoire de l'Eglise de France;〃

XII; 128。  (〃Minutes of the meeting of l'Assemblée du Clergé;〃 in

1780。)  〃Archives nationales;〃 official reports and memorandums of

the States…General in 1789。  The most obnoxious proceeding to the

chiefs of the order is the postponement of the age at which vows may

be taken; it being; in their view; the ruin of their institutions。

  〃The Ancient Régime;〃 p。  403。



'42' In order for a modern uninstructed non…believing reader to

understand the motivation which moved thousands of self…less

sisters and brothers to do their useful and kind work read St。

Matthew chapter 25; verses 31 to 46 where Jesus predicts how he will

sit in judgment on mankind and separate the sheep from the goats。 (SR。)



'43' 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 P。33  Cf。  Guerin 〃The monastery of the

Trois…Rois; in the north of Franche…Comté; founded four villages

collected from foreign colonists。  It is the only center of charity

and civilization in a radius of three leagues。  It took care of two

hundred of the sick in a recent epidemic; it lodges the troops which

pass from Alsace into Franche…Comté; and in the late hailstorm it

supplied the whole neighborhood with food。〃



'44' Moniteur; sitting of February 13;1790。  (Speech of the Abbé de

Montesquiou)。    Archives Nationales;〃 papers of the

Ecclesiastical Committee; DXIX。  6; Visitation de Limoges; DXIX。

25; Annonciades de Saint…Denis; ibid。  Annonciades de Saint Amour;

Ursulines d'Auch; de Beaulieu; d'Eymoutier; de la Ciotat; de Pont

Saint…Esprit; Hospitalières d'Ernée; de Laval; Sainte Claire de

Laval; de Marseilles; etc。  〃



'45' Sauzay; I。  247。  Out of three hundred and seventy…seven nuns

at Doubs; three hundred and fifty…eight preferred to remain as they

were; especially at Pontarlier; all the Bernardines; Annonciades;

and Ursulines; at Besan?on; all the Carmelites; the Visitandines;

the Annonciades; the Clarisses; the Sisters of Refuge; the Nuns of

the Saint…Esprit and; save one; all the Benedictine Nuns。



'46' 〃Archives Nationales。〃 Papers of the Ecclesiastical Committee;

passim。 Suzay; I。  51。    Statistics of France for 1866。



'47' In 1993 this number has once more fallen; and continues to

fall; to 55 900。  〃Quid〃; 1996 page 623。  (SR。)



'48' Felix Rocquain; 〃La France aprés le 18 Brumaire。〃 (Reports of

the Councillors of State dispatched on this service; passim)。



'49' Moniteur; October 24; 1789。  (Speech of Dupont de Nemours。) All

these speeches; often more fully reported and with various

renderings; may be found in 〃Les Archives Parlementaires;〃 1st

series; vols。  VIII。  and IX。



'50' Duvergier; decree of June 14…17; 1791。  〃The annihilation of

every corporation of citizens of any one condition or profession

being on of the foundation…stones of the French constitution; it is

forbidden to re…establish these de…facto under any pretext or form

whatever。  Citizens of a like condition or profession; such as

contractors; shopkeepers; workmen of all classes; and associates in

any art whatever shall not; on assembling together; appoint either

president; or secretaries; or syndics; discuss or pass resolutions;

or frame any regulations in relation to their assumed common

interests。〃



'51' Moniteur; sitting of November 2nd; 1789。



'52' Moniteur; sitting of February 12; 1790。  Speeches of Dally

d'Agier and Barnave。



'53' Moniteur; sitting of August 10; 1789。  Speech by Garat;

February 12; 1790; speech by Pétion; October 30; 1789; speech by

Thouret。



'54' Moniteur; sitting of November 2; 1789。  Speech by Chapelier;

October 24; 1789; speech by Garat; October 30; 1789; speech by

Mirabeau; and the sitting of August 10; 1789。



'55' Moniteur; sitting of October 23; 1789。  Speech by Thouret。



'56' Moniteur; sitting of October 23; 1789。  Speech by Treilhard;

October24th; speech by Garat; October 30; speech by Mirabeau。   On

the 8th of August; 1789; Al。  de Lameth says in the tribune: 〃When

an foundation was set up; it is to the nation; which the grant was

given。〃



'57' Duvergier; laws of August 18; 1792; August 8…14; 1793; July 11;

1794; July 14; 1792; August 24; 1793。



'58' Moniteur; sitting of July 31; 1792。  Speech of M。  Boistard;

the property of the hospitals; at this time was estimated at eight

hundred millions。   Already in 1791 (sitting of January 30th) M。

de Larochefoucauld…Liancourt said to the Assembly: Nothing will more

readily restore confidence to the poor than to see the nation

assuming the right of rendering them assistance。〃 He proposes to

decree; accordingly; that all hospitals and places of beneficence he

placed under the control of the nation。  (Mercure; February 12;

1791。)



'59' Moniteur; sitting of August 10; 1789。  Speech by Sieyès。  

The figures given here are deduced from the statistics already given

in the 〃Ancient Régime。〃



'60' Moniteur; v。  571。sitting of September 4; 1790。  Report of the

Committee on Finances   V。 675; sitting of September 17; 1790。

Report by Necker。



'61' A Revolutionary Government promissory bank note。  (SR。)



'62' Sauzay; I。  228 (from October 10; 1790; to February 20; 1791)。

〃The total weight of the spoil of the monastic establishments in

gold; silver; and plated ware; sent to the Mint amounted to more

than 525 kilograms (for the department)。〃



'63' Duvergier; law of October 8…14。



'64' Moniteur; sitting of June 3;1792。  Speech of M。  Bernard; in

the name of the committee of Public Assistance: 〃Not a day passes in

which we do not receive the saddest news from the departments on the

penury of their hospitals。〃  Mercure de France; December 17; 1791;

sitting of December 5。  A number of deputies of the Department of

the North demand aid for their hospitals and municipalities。  Out of

480;000 livres revenue there remains 10;000 to them。  〃The property

of the Communes is mortgaged; and no longer affords them any

resources。  280;000 persons are without bread。



'65' Sauzay; I。  252 (December 3; 1790。  April 13; 1791)。



'66' Moniteur; sitting of June 1; 1790。  Speeches by Camus;

Treilhard; etc。



'67' But on the assumption that all religion has been invented by

human beings for their own comfort or use; then what would be more

natural than clever rulers using their power to influence the

religious authorities to their own advantage。  (SR。)



'68' Ultramontane: Extreme in favoring the Pope's supremacy。  (SR。)



'69' Sauzay; I。  168。



'70' Personal knowledge; as I visited Besan?on four times between

1863 and 1867。



'71' Moniteur; sitting of May 30; 1790; and others following。

(Report of Treilhard; speech by Robespierre。)



'72' Duvergier; laws of July 12th…August 14th; November 14…25; 1790;

January 21…26; 1791。



'73' Moniteur; sitting of May 31; 1790。  Robespierre; in covert

terms; demands the marriage of priests。   Mirabeau prepared a

speech in the same sense; concluding that every priest and monk

should be able to contract marriage; on the priest or monk

presenting himself with his bride before the curé; the latter should

be obliged to give them the nuptial benediction etc。  Mirabeau

wrote; June 2; 1790: 〃Robespierre。。。  has juggled me out of my

motion on the marriage of priests。〃   In general the germ of all

the laws of the Convention is found in the Constituent Assembly。

(Ph。  Plan; 〃Un Collaborateur de Mirabeau;〃 p。56; 144。)



'74' Duvergier; laws of November 27th  December 26; 1790; February

5th; March 22nd; and April 5; 1791。   Moniteur; sitting of

November 6; 1790; and those that follow; especially that of December

27th。  〃I swear to maintain with all my power the French

Constitution and especially the decrees relating to the Civil

Constitution of the clergy。〃  Cf。  sitting of January 2; 1791;

speech by the Bishop of Clermont。



'75' D
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