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more does believing that you； as an individual； are not smart； affect performance？ Given how many
areas of practical intelligence that IQ does not seem to measure or predict； we need to be very careful
about negatively labeling children on the basis of IQ alone。 This means doing a better job of
educating people on the limitations of what intelligence tests tell us about children’s abilities。
BIOGRAPHICAL PROFILES
Alfred Binet （1857—1911）
Born in Nice； France； Binet received his law degree from Lycee St。 Louis in 1878； and his Ph。D。 in
science from the University of Paris in 1894。 Binet was perhaps the most respected French
psychologist near the turn of the century and was responsible； with colleague Henri Beaunis； for
founding the first French psychological laboratory。 Binet was fascinated by the concepts of
hypnotism and suggestibility； and became known for his studies of these phenomena before 1900。
Binet’s reputation in psychology； however； stems most from his and colleague Theodore Simon’s
first test of intelligence； for which Binet was missioned by the French minister of public
instruction。 The test would later be brought to America； being the Stanford…Binet Intelligence
Scale； the most popular and most researched of the intelligence scales。
Lewis Madison Terman （1877—1956）
Terman received his Ph。D。 from Clark University in 1905； having studied under G。 Stanley Hall。
Terman’s first teaching position was at the Los Angeles Normal School； but the rest of his academic
career would be spent at Stanford University； where he was department head from 1922 to 1942。
Terman was responsible for revising the Binet…Simon intelligence scale in 1916； leading to
subsequent development of the U。S。 Army tests used during World War I。 Additionally； Terman
carried out an extensive longitudinal study of intellectually gifted children； published in five
volumes from 1925 to 1959； the final volume appearing posthumously； He was president of the
American Psychological Association in 1923。
Sir Francis Galton （1822—1911）
Francis Galton； the intellectually curious cousin of Charles Darwin； reportedly read Shakespeare
for pleasure at age seven and； by modern estimates； would have received an IQ score of
approximately 200 on a standard intelligence test。 Galton’s genius knew few boundaries。 He wrote
an unequalled guide for explorers of wild lands； studied boredom at scientific meetings； and
mapped out the locales in Great Britain boasting the most beautiful women。
177
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
TIMELINE
Yea Event
r
1859 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of the Species by a Means of Natural
Selection。
1869 Sir Francis Galton published Hereditary Genius： An Inquiry into its Laws and
Consequences； in which he attempted to show that intelligence is an inherited
characteristic。
1904 Charles Spearman published General Intelligence Objectively Determined and
Measured； offering his view on general intelligence； or “g”。
1905 Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first useful intelligence test。
1917 The Bolshevik revolution occurred in Russia。
19141918
World War I was fought。
1916 Lewis Terman； though not the first to do so； published an English translation of
Binet’s test； Terman’s translation had the advantage of using the concept of the
intelligence quotient （IQ）。
1929 The Great Depression began in America。
1938 Louis Thurstone published his monograph on the seven primary mental abilities。
1939 David Wechsler published The Measurement of Adult Intelligence； introducing his
family of intelligence tests。 Unlike the Stanford…Binet； Wechsler’s tests
emphasized both verbal intelligence and performance。
19391945
World War II was fought。
1969 Arthur Jensen published How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement？；
which argued that racial differences were inherited。 The article soon met with a
barrage of criticisms charging that Jensen was a racist。
1973 Richard Herrnstein published IQ in the Meritocracy； a controversial book stressing
the societal consequences of differences in intelligence。
1983 Howard Gardner published Frames of Mind： The Theory of Multiple Intelligences；
outlining a new theory of intelligence that emphasized athletic； musical； and
interpersonal skills； as well as mental skills； in defining intelligence。
1984 Robert Sternberg published Toward a Triarchic Theory of Intelligence； outlining a
new theory of intelligence that stressed the multi…faceted nature of intelligence。
178
CHAPTER 10： INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS
Gardner； H。 （1993）。 Multiple Intelligences： The Theory In Practice。 New York： Basicbooks。 An excellent
overview of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences。
Hallahan； D。 P。； & Kauffman； J。 M。 （1982）。 Exceptional Children： Introduction to Special Education； （2nd
Ed。）。 Englewood Cliffs； NJ： Prentice…Hall。 Among topics covered are definitions and
classifications of mental retardation； causes of retardation； methods of measurement； and
educational considerations。
Herrnstein； R。； & Murray； C。 （1994）。 The Bell Curve： Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life。
New York： Free Press。 A controversial text that suggests that differences in cognitive ability are
polarizing America into a cognitive elite and a cognitive underclass。 Suggests that differences in
IQ score among ethnic groups are partially genetic。
Neisser； U。； Boodoo； G。； Bouchard； T。； Boykin； A。； Brody； N。； Ceci； S。； Halpern； D。； Loehlin； J。； Perloff；
R。； Sternberg； R。； & Urbina； S。 （1996）。 Intelligence： Knowns and Unknowns。 American Psychologist；
51（2）； 77–101。 An excellent resource on the concept of intelligence。 Presents findings of a task
force established by the American Psychological Association to report on the issues of what is
known and unknown about intelligence。 Significant conceptualizations of intelligence are
reviewed； including the psychometric approach； theories of multiple forms of intelligence；
cultural variations； theories of developmental progressions； and biological approaches。
Plomin； R。； & Rende； R。 （1991）。 Human Behavioral Genetics。 Annual Review of Psychology； 42； 161–190。
An excellent review and introduction to the field of human behavioral genetics。
Rose； S。 A。； & Feldman； J。 F。 （1995）。 Prediction of IQ and Specific Cognitive Abilities at 11 Years from
Infancy Measures。 Developmental Psychology； 31（4）； 685–696。 Assessments at seven months and 1
year may predict some cognitive abilities at ages 7 and 11。
Rowe； D。 C。； Vazsonyi； A。 T。； & Flannery； D。 J。 （1995）。 Ethnic and Racial Similarity in Development
Process： A Study of Academic Achievement。 Psychological Science； 6（1）； 33–38。 Interesting research on
the impact of family environment on results of academic achievement measures。
Rushton； J。 P。 （1997）。 Race； IQ； and the APA Report on the Bell Curve。 American Psychologist； 52（l）； 69–
70。 ments on the APA Task Force findings about what is known and unknown about
intelligence。 The author argues that the findings on the issue of race were in error。 The origins of
racial differences in IQ need to be considered as fairly from the hereditarian perspective as from
the environmentalist perspective。 Areas of omitted evidence are discussed； which； had they been
added； would have bolstered the consistency of the East Asian…European…African IQ gradient。
Sternberg； R。 J。 （1994）。 468 Factor…Analyzed Data Sets： What They Tell Us and Don’t Tell Us About
Human Intelligence。 Psychological Science； 5（2）； 63–65。 Presents a meta…analysis of 468 data sets；
which had used a variety of analytic models and assessment instruments。
Sternberg； R。； & Wagner； R。 （1989）。 Individual Differences in Practical Knowledge and Its Acquisitions。 In
Learning and Individual Differences： Advances in Theory and Research。 New York： W。 H。 Freeman &
Co； Publishers； 255–278。 Examines the distinctions between academic knowledge and practical
knowledge； and discusses the nature and acquisition of practical knowledge； which is defined
as knowledge； and demonstrates the importance of such knowledge for both academic and
everyday life situations。
179
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 16： TESTING AND INTELLIGENCE
Overview
The field of psychological assessment and the efforts of psychologists and other professionals
to assign values to different abilities； behaviors； and personalities。
Key Issues
Psychometrics； racial and cultural bias； intelligence and aptitude tests； the problems with IQ
testing； seven kinds of intelligence； and limitations in testing practical intelligence。
Demonstrations
Racial bias in intelligence and aptitude tests。
Philip Zimbardo examines new tests that propose multiple factors and aspects of intelligence。
Archival Interview
Psychologist William Curtis Banks examines the misuse of intelligence and aptitude testing。
FILMS AND VIDEOS
Eye of the Storm （1971）。 Xerox Film； 29 minutes
A now classic demonstration o