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TIMELINE
Yea Event
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1898 Edward L。 Thorndike proposed that learning was controlled by its consequences；
an idea that he termed the ”Law of Effect。”
1904 Ivan P。 Pavlov； a Russian physiologist； discovered classical conditioning。
1905 Albert Einstein developed his theory of relativity。
1909 Henry Ford began the mass production of the Model T； and auto travel became a
democratic experience。
1913 John B。 Watson published Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It； establishing his
brand of behaviorism as an approach to studying learning and behavior。
19141918
World War I was fought。
1927 Wolfgang K。hler coined the term “insight” to describe a kind of learning in which
the organism suddenly arrived at a solution to a problem。
1932 Edward C。 Tolman published Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men； a book
outlining one of the earlier cognitive theories of learning。
1938 B。 F。 Skinner published The Behavior of Organisms； a book describing the basic
principles of operant conditioning。
1943 Penicillin was discovered。
1953 B。 F 。 Skinner published Science and Human Behavior； a book that applied the basic
principles of operant conditioning to understanding human learning and
behavior。
1959 David Premack discovered that preferred activities can be used to reinforce less
preferred activities； an idea soon to bee known as the Premack Principle。
1961 Richard J。 Herrnstein proposed the matching law； the notion that behavior in a
choice situation matches the frequency of reinforcement associated with each of
the choice alternatives。
1962 Albert Bandura proposed his model of social learning theory； a cognitive account
of how imitation and modeling influence learning。
1966 John Garcia and Robert A。 Koelling discovered that animals learn to associate
some stimuli with the consequences of their behavior more quickly than other
stimuli； reflecting natural biases in how animals adapt to their environment。
1969 The first man landed on the moon。
1972 Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner proposed that in classical conditioning；
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CHAPTER 7： LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
organisms learn the correlation between conditioned stimuli and reinforcement。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS
Anderson； J。 R。 （1993）。 Problem Solving and Learning。 American Psychologist； 48（l）； 35–44。 Describes
Anderson’s ACT* theory； as an elaboration of Newell and Simons’ work； and suggests that it can
account for the acquisition of problem…solving skills。
Anderson； J。 R。 （1995）。 Learning and Memory： An Integrated Approach。 New York： John Wiley & Sons。
An excellent text on learning and memory。 Includes a through review of both historical and
contemporary research。 Emphasizes two themes； the neural basis of learning and memory and
the adaptive nature of learning and memory； throughout。
Bower； G。 H。 （1994）。 In Appreciation of E。 A。 Hilgard’s Writings on Learning Theories。 Psychological
Science； 5（4）； 181–182。 Review of Hilgard’s Conditioning and Learning and Theories of Learning； with
a view toward ecological validity in research。
Carey； S。； & Gelman； R。 （eds。） （1991）。 The Epigenisis of Mind： Essays on Biology and Cognition。
Hillsdale； NJ： L。 Eribaum & Associates。 The Jean Piaget Symposium series。 Consists of papers
presented at the symposium。
Klein； S。 B。 （1987）。 Learning： Principles and Applications。 New York： McGraw…Hill。 A well…written text
that presents material on both animal and human learning and memory processes。
Rescorla； R。 （1966）。 Predictability and Number of Pairings in Pavlovian Fear Conditioning。 Psychonomic
Science； 4（11）； 383–384。 Describes Rescorla’s classic experiment on the importance of contingency
to classical conditioning。
Smith； R。 M。； et al。 （1990）。 Learning to Learn across the Life Span。 San Francisco： Jossey…Bass。
pilation of papers from conferences held at Northern Illinois University。
Tighe； T。 J。 （1982）。 Modern Learning Theory： Foundations and Fundamental Issues。 Includes many
examples of shaping； including a baby’s first words； a child’s first attempts to print letters； and
the attempts of a person to remain upright while learning to skate。
Wilkie； D。 M。 （1995）。 Time–Place Learning。 Current Directions in Psychological Science； 4（3）； 85–89。 An
overview of time–place learning in animals and its relevance to their natural foraging habits； as
well as offering insights into a new framework for studying animals’ memory。
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 8： LEARNING AND CONDITIONING
Overview
Learning is the process that enables humans and other animals to profit from experience；
anticipate events； and adapt to changing conditions。 Explains the basic learning principles
and the methods psychologists use to study and modify behavior。 Also demonstrates how
cognitive processes such as insight and observation influence learning。
Key Issues
Pavlov’s discovery of classical conditioning； how classical conditioning can suppress the
immune system of rats； an instrumental and classical conditioning experiment by John Watson；
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CHAPTER 7： LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
operant behavior and conditioning by B。 F。 Skinner； and conditioned therapy for agoraphobia。
Archival Demonstrations
Nobel Prize winner Ivan Pavlov discovers the concept of classical conditioning in an
experiment originally intended to study digestion and the action of the salivary glands。
Dr。 Robert Ader and colleague Nicholas Cohen condition rats to suppress their immune
systems in an experiment involving an artificial sweetener。
In the controversial experiment on classical and instrumental conditioning； John Watson
conditions a “little Albert” to fear a rat that he had once liked。
Psychologist B。 F。 Skinner examines the effects of positive and negative reinforcement on the
behavior of people and animals。
New Interview
Howard Rachlin looks at what developments have occurred in the field of operant condition
since the time of B。 F。 Skinner
FILMS AND VIDEOS
Animal Behavior： The Mechanism of Imprinting （1977）。 IU （CORT）； 14 minutes
From the first hours of life； ducklings recognize their mother and follow her everywhere。 Do they
know her instinctively？ Are they born to accept only adult ducks as parents？ Scientists once
thought so until certain contrary observations led them to the concept of imprinting； a link between
instinct and learning。 A good depiction of Lorenz’ theory。
Biofeedback： Medical Applications of Psycho…physiologic Self…Regulation （1987）。 Insight Media；
54 minutes
This program reviews treatment procedures from both the patient’s and the therapist’s
perspectives。 It describes the rationale for the self…regulation process； presenting cases involving
self…regulation training for hypertension； migraine； chronic back pain； anxiety； and post…traumatic
rehabilitation。
Child Management （1986）。 Insight Media； 20 minutes
Offers ideas on managing children’s behavior using learning theory principles of reinforcement。
Clarifies the difference between punishment and discipline and explains when each is appropriate。
Presentation is done with humor and sensitivity。 A good reinforcer for lectures on operant
conditioning。
A Conversation with B。 F。 Skinner （1972）。 （CRM） MCGH； 23 minutes
An interview conducted by Elizabeth Hall of Psychology Today。 Skinner traces the origin and basic
principles of behaviorism； including his views on control； punishment； and freedom。 He focuses on
the value of a culture designed by behaviorists； but also answers the typical criticisms； “Who will
keep the controllers honest？” and “What will happen to creativity in a culture controlled by
operant conditioning？” Skinner also discusses some of the problems of implementing behavior
modification systems。 Skinner’s fascination （his for his science and ours for him） is timeless。
Learning （1990）。 Insight Media； 30 minutes
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Explains the fundamental processes of classical and operant conditioning and includes
information on taste aversion。 Includes an interview with B。 F。 Skinner and a segment on the use of
behavior modification with hyperactive children。
Observational Learning （1987）。 HARR； 23 minutes
Explores modeling and social learning theory and includes a demonstration of the Bandura and
Walters “Bobo Doll” experiment。 Effects of TV violence on aggression in children are discussed。 An
excellent film。
Pavlov’s Experiment： The Conditioned Reflex （1976）。 CORT； 9 minutes
This film explains the difference between conditioned and unconditioned reflexes； and outlines
Pavlov’s contribution to the study of the physiology of higher nerve activity in the brain。 Pavlov’s
famous experiment is realistically re…created to illustrate classical conditioning。 The preciseness
and repetition of a scientific experiment with a living organism are graphically apparent。 A quick
and excellent introduction to classical conditioning。
The Power of Positive Reinforcement （1978）。 ITJ （CRM）； 28 minutes
Illustrates how beh