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Longitudinal Study
A research design that assesses the effects of development （maturation） by using the same subjects over an extended period of time
Long Term Memory
Relatively permanent memory。
Lower Confidence Limit
The lower limit of a confidence interval。 If prediction states that the true score falls between 80 and 90； then the lower confidence level is 80。
Lucid Dream
A dream in which you are aware of dreaming and are sometimes able to manipulate the dream。
心理学英文名词解释02
M
Magnitude
Characteristic of a scale of measurement where the individual units possess the qualities of greater than； equal to； or less than。
Main Effect
The effect of one variable on another without any other variables or subgroups involvement。
Manifest Content
According to Freud； the story…like superficial content of a dream； often representing only the daily activities and little underlying unconscious material。
Maslow； Abraham
Humanistic Theorist most famous for the development of the Hierarchy of Needs。
Maturation
Changes due to the natural process of aging as determined by your genetics
Mean
A measure of central tendency determined by adding all scores together and dividing by the number of scores。 Often referred to as the statistical average。
Measure of Central Tendency
An average （see Mean； Median； and/or Mode）
Measurement； Scales of
Categories of data based on their numerical characteristics （See Ratio； Interval； Ordinal； and Nominal Scales）
Median
A measure of central tendency that uses the middle most occurring score in a distribution （the score that occurs at exactly the 50th percentile）。
Medulla Oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life…sustaining functions such as heartbeat； breathing； blood pressure； and digestion。
Memory Effect
Error in research that results from subjects recalling previous testing and applying that knowledge to current testing。
Mesokurtic
A curve or distribution that has a balanced amount of variance so that is resembles a normal curve。
Meta Analysis
The statistical procedure used to bine numerous and independent research results into one study。 Each research study bees one subject in the meta…analysis。
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory； 2nd。 Edition
An Objective test utilizing 567 items which have been empirically derived to measure a variety of psychological concerns。
MMPI…2
See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory； 2nd。 Edition。
Mode
A measure of central tendency that uses the most frequently occurring score。 A distribution with two or more scores that are equal and occur most frequently is called multi…modal。
Modeling
Learning through the imitation or observation of others。
Mortality
Subject drop…out in a research study。 Mortality bees a problem when a disproportionate drop out rate occurs between two or more groups （Example： 30％ of males drop out of group one while only 2％ of males drop out in group two； resulting in uneven groups）。
Motivation
The process that energizes and/or maintains a behavior。
Motive
Internal states that provide direction for one's behaviors。
Multiple Correlation
A correlational technique used when there is one X and two or more Y。 （Example： the correlation between age and （math and English ability）。
N
N
Symbol used for the number of subjects or data in a distribution。 A study with 10 subjects would have an N equal to 10。
Naturalistic Observation
A research method where the subject（s） is（are） observed without interruption under normal or natural circumstances。
NCE Score
A standard score that sets the mean to fifty and standard deviation to 21。06； allowing the 99th percentile to have a score of 99 and the first percentile a score of 1。
Negative Correlation
a correlation where one two variables tend to move in the opposite direction （example： the number of pages printed and the amount of ink left in your printer are negatively correlated。 The more pages printed； the less ink you have left。）
Negative Skew
A curve or distribution of scores that has extreme scores below the mean that are atypical of the majority of scores。
Neuron
A specialized nerve cell。
Neurotransmitter
A chemical found in animals that plays a role in our behavior； cognitions； and emotions。
Nightmare
A frightening dream occurring in REM sleep。
Nominal Scale
Any scale that contains no magnitude。 Often nominal is thought of as name only； meaning that the variables of a nominal scale can be identified but not measured。
Nondeclarative Memory
A subsystem within Long term memory which consists of skills we acquire through repetition and practice （e。g。； dance； playing the piano； driving a car）
Nonparametric Test
Any statistic that is designed for ordinal or nominal data or data that is not normally distributed
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter associated with eating and alertness。 Too little has been associated with depression and too much has been associated with schizophrenia。
Norm
An expectation based on multiple observations。
Normal Curve
A graphical interpretation of a population that is ‘bell shaped’ as it has the highest frequency in the middle and this frequency diminishes the farther you get from the center on either end。 The mean； median； and mode are all equal in a perfect normal curve。
Normal Distribution
The scores of a sample or population that； when graphed； fall on or close to a normal curve。 A normal distribution is often ideal in research because the data can then be said to have all of the characteristics of a normal curve。
Null Hypothesis
The hypothesis that states there is no difference between two or more sets of data。
O
Object Permanence
The understanding that objects exist even when they are not directly observed。
Objective Techniques
A generic term for the psychological procedures used to measure personality which rely on measurable or objective techniques such as the MMPI…2 and WAIS…III。
Obsession
A persistent and seemingly uncontrollable thought。
Occipital Lobe
One of for lobes of the brain。 Contains the visual cortex and therefore plays a major role in the interpretation of visual information。
Odd…Even Reliability
The correlation coefficient determined by paring odd items of the measurement to the even items。 One method to determine the internal consistency of a test or measuring device。
Olfaction
The sense of smell。
One…Way ANOVA
An Analysis of Variance used when there is only one main effect。
Operant Conditioning
Learning that occurs due to the manipulation of the possible consequences。
Optimal Level of Arousal
Theory arguing that humans are driven to increase or decrease arousal to produce a fortable level that is not over… nor under stimulating。
Oral Aggressive Personality
Stemming from the Oral stage； a child who bees fixated due to over stimulation transfers his or her unresolved oral issues into aggression and hostility。
Oral Receptive Personality
Stemming from the Oral stage； a child who bees fixated due to under stimulation transfers his or her unmet oral needs into smoking； drinking； talking； biting fingernails； or sucking one's own thumb； for example。
Oral Stage
Freud's first stage of psychosexual development where the primary sexual focus is on the mouth through sucking； tasting； and verbalizing。
Order Effects
The effects of administering treatments in a particular order
Ordered Array
A table consisting of data in order of highest to lowest or lowest to highest where each data is given a numbered rank depicting it's difference from the highest or lowest score
Ordinal Scale
Any scale that reflects only magnitude but does not contain equal intervals or an absolute zero
Overlearning
A technique used to improve memory where information is learned to the point that it can be repeated without mistake more than one time。
P
Panic Attack
Period of extreme anxiety and physical symptoms such as heart palpitations； shakiness； dizziness； and racing thoughts。 Initial attacks are often reported to feel like a heart attack due to the heart palpitations。 A medical exam should be conducted to rule out any such condition。
Parallel Form Reliability
The correlation coefficient determined by paring the scores of the two similar measuring devices （or forms of the same test） administered to the same people at one time。
Parameter
A summary value of a specific population characteristic （e。g。； mean age； standard deviation of IQ’s； median ine）
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A subsystem of the Autonomic Nervous System （ANS） that returns the body to homeostasis。
Parietal Lobe
One of four lobes of the brain。 Contains the Somatosensory Cortex d is therefore involved in the processing of touch； pressure； temperature； and pain。
Peak Experience
A life experience considered paramount due to the feeling of unity with the world。
Pearson Product…Moment Correlation
A correlation statistic used primarily for two sets of data that are of the ratio or interval scale。 The most monly used correlational technique。
Penis Envy
In Psychoanalytic Thought； the desire of girls to posses a penis and therefore ha