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t one merely a symptom？ Another patient might equally well plain that her neighbours were bining to slander her and persecute her； and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement。
What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions； to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are。 Some time ago the United States Navy； for instance； examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers： the study was known as Project Anehin。 It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome； if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft； you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise。 But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors。 This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies： if there is any effect of noise upon mental health； it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it。 That does not prove that it does exist： but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than； say； being brought up in an orphanage which really is mental health hazard。
D。E。BROADBENT Non…auditory effects of noise from Science Survey
New words and expressions 生词和短语
auditory
adj。 听觉的
inadequate
adj。 不适当的
plea
n。 要求
abatement
n。 减少
discredit
v。 怀疑
allegation
n。 断言
caption
n。 插图说明
wreck
n。 残废人
snag
n。 疑难之处，障碍
anecdote
n。 轶闻
slander
v。 诽谤
persecute
v。 迫害
squadron
n。 中队
psychiatric
adj。 精神病学的
diagnosis
n。 诊所
orphanage
n。 孤儿院
参考译文
在工业部门工作和在军队中服役的许多人对噪声音有切身的体会，他们认为对这个问题进行调查中浪费时间，甚至不愿承认噪音可能对人有影响。另一方面，那些讨厌噪音的人有时会用不充分的证据来支持他们希望有一个较为安静的社会环境的要求。要求减少噪音是件好事，但是如果与拙劣的科学掺杂在一起的话，就不会被人们所信任，这是很遗憾的。
常见的一种指责是，噪音能引起精神病。例如，最近一家周报刊登了一篇文章，文章上方有一幅引人注目的插图，是一位表情沮丧的女子。图的文字说明：“她是又一个受害者，成了只会尖叫的可怜虫。”当人们急切地看完正文后，便知道这女子是个打字员，办公室打字机的声音使她越来越烦，最终住进了精神病医院。这类奇闻的疑难之处是无法区别因果关系。是噪音引起了（精神）病呢，还是（精神）病的症状之一是对噪音的抱怨？另有一位病人可能同样有理由抱怨说，她的邻居们正在联合起来对她进行诽谤和迫害，不过，人们不会轻信她的抱怨。
对于噪音问题，需要对大量生活在噪音中的人进行研究，看一看他们是否比其他人更易患精神病。例如，美国海军前些时候调查了许多在航空母航上工作的人，这次调查被称之为：“安内英工程”。即使住在离机场几英里以外的地方，机场的噪音也会使人难受。因此，如果你能想像出和几个中队的喷气机同在一个甲板上是什么滋味儿的话，你就会认识到现代海军是研究噪音的好地方。但是，不管进行精神病学的调查访问，还是进行客观的测试，都不能显示噪音对这些美国水兵有任何影响。这个结果只不过证实了美国和英国早些时候的研究结论：如果噪音对精神健康有影响的话，那也一定是微乎其微，以致现代的精神病诊断方法还发现不了。这并不是证实不存在噪音对健康的影响。但它确实说明，噪音的危险性 比如说 比在孤儿院长大所受的危害要小一些，孤儿院才是真正危害精神健康的地方。
Lesson 26
The past life of the earth
地球上的昔日生命
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the main condition for the preservation of the remains of any living creature？
It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved； for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial； and it is only in the seas and rivers； and sometimes lakes； where mud and sit have been continuously deposited； that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved。
But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in or； even more likely； before scavengers eat them。 After all； all living creatures live by feeding on something else； whether it be plant or animal； dead or alive； and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided。 The remains of plants and animals that lived on land are much more rarely preserved； for there is seldom anything to cover them over。 When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying bout； not to mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see； it is very rarely that one es across a dead body； except； of course； on the roads。 They depose and are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other creature。
It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive； as by falling into inaccessible caves； or into an ice crevasse； like the Siberian mammoths； when the whole animal is sometimes preserved； as in a refrigerator。 This is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found preserved and in good condition。 In his mouth were the remains of fir trees the last meal that he had before he fell into the crevasse and broke his back。 The mammoth has now just a suburb of Los Angeles。 Apparently what happened was that water collected on these tar pits； and the bigger animals like the elephants ventured out on to the apparently firm surface to drink； and were promptly bogged in the tar。 And then； when they were dead； the carnivores； like the sabre…toothed cats and the giant wolves； came out to feed and suffered exactly the same fate。 There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well。
ERROL WHITE The past life of the earth from Discovery
New words and expressions 生词和短语
preservation
n。 保存
silt
n。 淤泥
scavenger
n。 食腐动物
vole
n。 野鼠，鼹鼠
depose
v。 腐烂
inaccessible
adj。 不能到达的
crevasse
n。 缝隙
Siberian
adj。西伯利亚的
palaeontological
adj。 古生物学的
St。 Petersburg
n。 圣彼得堡
sabre…toothed
adj。 长着锐利的长牙
venture
v。 冒险
bogged
adj。 陷入泥沼的，陷入要困境的
参考译文
只有生活在水中或水边的动植物尸体最有可能被保存下来，因为保存的必要条件之一是迅速掩埋，所以只有在泥沙不停淤积的海洋和江河里，有时在湖泊里，尸体之类的东西才能被迅速地覆盖而保存下来。
即使是在最有利的环境中，死去的生物中也只有一小部分能在开始腐烂前，或更可能在被食腐动物吃掉之前，被这样保存下来。因为一切生物都是靠吃别的东西来活命的，不管这种东西是植物还是动物，死的还是活的，因此，生物偶尔才能避免被吃掉的命运。曾在陆地上生活过的动植物的遗体被保存下来的更为罕见，因为陆地上几乎没有什么东西覆盖它们。你可以想象出天上有看得见的飞来飞去、数不清的鸟，地上有不显眼的无数的老鼠和田鼠之类的小动物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到这些动物的尸体，因为它们腐败之后很快就被风化掉，或被别的动物吃掉了。
几乎总是由于某些特殊的条件，陆地动物的遗体才被存下来，如掉进难以到达的洞穴，或掉进冰河裂缝里，或者像西伯利亚长毛象那样掉进冰窟中，有时整个动物像被放在冰箱里一样被保存下来，著名的那林索夫卡长毛象就是这样被保存下来的，而且保存得很好。它嘴里还留着冷杉 它掉进冰河裂隙折断脊椎柱之前的最后一顿饭。这头长毛象已被修复，现存于圣彼得堡古生物学博物馆。有的动物掉进天然沥清坑里被保存下来，如在兰桥。拉。布里 现在是洛杉矶的郊区发现的大象、剑齿虎和许多其他动物。显然，事情的经过是这样：沥青坑里积存了水，大象那样的大动物冒险到似乎坚固的水面上去饮水，立即掉进了沥青坑。大象死后，一些食肉动物，如剑齿虎和大灰狼就来吃大象，结果遭到了同样的命运。沥青坑里还有无数只鸟的尸体。
Lesson 27
The 'Vasa'
“瓦萨”号
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What happened to the 'Vasa' almost immediately after she was launched？
From the seventeenth…century empire of Sweden； the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea。 For nearly three and a half centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956。 This was the Vasa； royal flagship of the great imperial fleet。
King Gustavus Adolphus； 'The Northern Hurricane'； then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years' War； had dictated her measurements and armament。 Triple gun…decks mounted sixty…four bronze cannon。 She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden。
As she was prepared of her maiden voyage on August 10； 1628； Stockholm was in a ferment。 From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind。 They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art； she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship。 The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods； demons； knights； kings； warriors； mermaids； cherubs； and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with rea and gold and blue； symbols of courage； power； and cruelty； were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day。
Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply。 As the emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foa