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greatest difficulty in finding their way； while others； more fortunate；
remember prominent features on the route； and pick out their course as
accurately as does a homing pigeon。
Large sheets of water form admirable 〃sign…posts〃 for an airman； thus
at Kempton Park； one of the turning…points in the course followed in the
〃Aerial Derby〃； there are large reservoirs； which enable the airmen to
follow the course at this point with the greatest ease。 Railway lines； forests；
rivers and canals； large towns； prominent structures； such as gasholders；
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chimney…stalks； and so on； all assist an airman to find his way。
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CHAPTER XLIII The First Airman to Fly Upside
Down
Visitors to Brooklands aerodrome on 25th September； 1913； saw one
of the greatest sensations in this or any other century； for on that date a
daring French aviator； M。 Pegoud； performed the hazardous feat of flying
upside down。
Before we describe the marvellous somersaults which Pegoud made；
two or three thousand feet above the earth； it would be well to see what
was the practical use of it all。 If this amazing airman had been performing
some circus trick in the air simply for the sake of attracting large crowds
of people to witness it； and therefore being the means of bringing great
monetary gain both to him and his patrons； then this chapter would never
have been written。 Indeed； such a risk to one's life； if there had been
nothing to learn from it； would have been foolish。
No； Pegoud's thrilling performance must be looked at from an entirely
different standpoint to such feats of daring as the placing of one's head in
the jaws of a lion； the traversing of Niagara Falls by means of a tight…rope
stretched across them； and other similar senseless acts； which are utterly
useless to mankind。
Let us see what such a celebrated airman as Mr。 Gustav Hamel said of
the pioneer of upside…down flying。
〃His looping the loop； his upside…down flights； his general acrobatic
feats in the air are all of the utmost value to pilots throughout the world。
We shall have proof of this； I am sure； in the near future。 Pegoud has
shown us what it is possible to do with a modern machine。 In his first
attempt to fly upside down he courted death。 Like all pioneers； he was
taking liberties with the unknown elements。 No man before him had
attempted the feat。 It is true that men have been upside down in the air； but
they were turned over by sudden gusts of wind； and in most cases were
killed。 Pegoud is all the time rehearsing accidents and showing how easy it
is for a pilot to recover equilibrium providing he remains perfectly calm
and clear…headed。 Any one of his extraordinary positions might be brought
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about by adverse elements。 It is quite conceivable that a sudden gust of
wind might turn the machine completely over。 Hitherto any pilot in such
circumstances would give himself up for lost。 Pegoud has taught us what
to do in such a case。 。 。 。 his flights have given us all a new confidence。
〃In a gale the machine might be upset at many different angles。
Pegoud has shown us that it is easily possible to recover from such
predicaments。 He has dealt with nearly every kind of awkward position
into which one might be driven in a gale of wind； or in a flight over
mountains where air…currents prevail。
〃He has thus gained evidence which will be of the utmost value to
present and future pilots； and prove a factor of signal importance in the
preservation of life in the air。〃
Such words as these； coming from a man of Mr。 Hamel's reputation as
an aviator； clearly show us that M。 Pegoud has a life…saving mission for
airmen throughout the world。
Let us stand； in imagination； with the enormous crowd of spectators
who invaded the Surrey aerodrome on 25th September； and the two
following days； in 1913。
What an enormous crowd it was！ A line of motor…cars bordered the
track for half a mile； and many of the spectators were busy city men who
had taken a hasty lunch and rushed off down to Weybridge to see a little
French airman risk his life in the air。 Thousands of foot passengers toiled
along the dusty road from the paddock to the hangars； and thousands more；
who did not care to pay the shilling entrance fee； stood closely packed on
the high ground outside the aerodrome。
Biplanes and monoplanes came driving through the air from Hendon；
and airmen of world…wide fame； such as Sopwith； Hamel； Verrier； and
Hucks； had gathered together as disciples of the great life…saving
missionary。 Stern critics these！ Men who would ruthlessly expose any
〃faked〃 performance if need were！
And where is the little airman while all this crowd is gathering？ Is he
very excited？ He has never before been in England。 We wonder if his
amazing coolness and admirable control over his nerves will desert him
among strange surroundings。
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Probably Pegoud was the coolest man in all that vast crowd。 He
seemed to want to hide himself from public gaze。 Most of his time； was
taken up in signing post…cards for people who had been fortunate enough
to discover him in a little restaurant near which his shed was situated。
At last his Bleriot monoplane was wheeled out； and he was strapped；
or harnessed； into his seat。 〃Was the machine a 'freak' monoplane？〃 we
wondered。
We were soon assured that such was not the case。 Indeed； as Pegoud
himself says： 〃I have used a standard type of monoplane on purpose。
Almost every aeroplane； if it is properly balanced； has just as good a
chance as mine； and I lay particular stress on the fact that there is nothing
extraordinary about my machine； so that no one can say my achievements
are in any way faked。〃
During the preliminary operations his patron； M。 Bleriot； stood beside
the machine； and chatted affably with the aviator。 At last the signal was
given for his ascent； and in a few moments Pegoud was climbing with the
nose of his machine tilted high in the air。 For about a quarter of an hour he
flew round in ever…widening circles； rising very quietly and steadily until
he had reached an altitude of about 4000 feet。 A deep silence seemed to
have settled on the vast crowd nearly a mile below； and the musical
droning of his engine could be plainly heard。
Then his movements began to be eccentric。 First； he gave a wonderful
exhibition of banking at right angles。 Then； after about ten minutes； he
shut off his engine； pitched downwards and gracefully righted himself
again。
At last the amazing feat began。 His left wing was raised； his right wing
dipped； and the nose of the machine dived steeply； and turned right round
with the airman hanging head downwards； and the wheels of the
monoplane uppermost。 In this way he travelled for about a hundred yards；
and then slowly righted the machine； until it assumed its normal position；
with the engine again running。 Twice more the performance was repeated；
so that he travelled from one side of the aerodrome to the othera distance
of about a mile and a half。
Next he descended from 4000 feet to about 1200 feet in four gigantic
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loops； and； as one writer said： 〃He was doing exactly what the clown in
the pantomime does when he climbs to the top of a staircase and rolls
deliberately over and over until he reaches the ground。 But this fu