north america-1-第6章

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ask　even　the　energy　of　America　to　send　out　an　emigration　of　four　million　souls；　to　provide　for　their　wants　in　a　new　and　uncultivated　country；　and　to　provide；　after　that；　for　the　terrible　gap　made　in　the　labor　market　of　the　Southern　States。　　〃The　Israelites　went　back　from　bondage；〃　said　my　friend。　　But　a　way　was　opened　for　them　by　a　miracle　across　the　sea；　and　food　was　sent　to　them　from　heaven；　and　they　had　among　them　a　Moses　for　a　leader；　and　a　Joshua　to　fight　their　battles。　　I　could　not　but　express　my　fear　that　the　days　of　such　immigrations　were　over。　　This　plan　of　sending　back　the　negroes　to　Africa　did　not　reach　me　only　from　one　or　from　two　mouths；　and　it　was　suggested　by　men　whose　opinions　respecting　their　country　have　weight　at　home　and　are　entitled　to　weight　abroad。　　I　mention　this　merely　to　show　how　insurmountable　would　be　the　difficulty　of　preventing　secession；　let　which　side　win　that　may。　〃We　will　never　abandon　the　right　to　the　mouth　of　the　Mississippi。〃　That；　in　all　such　arguments；　is　a　strong　point　with　men　of　the　Northern　Statesperhaps　the　point　to　which　they　all　return　with　the　greatest　firmness。　　It　is　that　on　which　Mr。　Everett　insists　in　the　last　paragraph　of　the　oration　which　he　made　in　New　York　on　the　4th　of　July；　1861。　　〃The　Missouri　and　the　Mississippi　Rivers；〃　he　says；　〃with　their　hundred　tributaries；　give　to　the　great　central　basin　of　our　continent　its　character　and　destiny。　　The　outlet　of　this　system　lies　between　the　States　of　Tennessee　and　Missouri；　of　Mississippi　and　Arkansas；　and　through　the　State　of　Louisiana。　　The　ancient　province　so　called；　the　proudest　monument　of　the　mighty　monarch　whose　name　it　bears；　passed　from　the　jurisdiction　of　France　to　that　of　Spain　in　1763。　　Spain　coveted　itnot　that　she　might　fill　it　with　prosperous　colonies　and　rising　States；　but　that　it　might　stretch　as　a　broad　waste　barrier；　infested　with　warlike　tribes；　between　the　Anglo…American　power　and　the　silver　mines　of　Mexico。　　With　the　independence　of　the　United　States　the　fear　of　a　still　more　dangerous　neighbor　grew　upon　Spain；　and；　in　the　insane　expectation　of　checking　the　progress　of　the　Union　westward；　she　threatened；　and　at　times　attempted；　to　close　the　mouth　of　the　Mississippi　on　the　rapidly…increasing　trade　of　the　West。　　The　bare　suggestion　of　such　a　policy　roused　the　population　upon　the　banks　of　the　Ohio；　then　inconsiderable；　as　one　man。　　Their　confidence　in　Washington　scarcely　restrained　them　from　rushing　to　the　seizure　of　New　Orleans；　when　the　treaty　of　San　Lorenzo　El　Real；　in　1795；　stipulated　for　them　a　precarious　right　of　navigating　the　noble　river　to　the　sea；　with　a　right　of　deposit　at　New　Orleans。　　This　subject　was　for　years　the　turning…point　of　the　politics　of　the　West；　and　it　was　perfectly　well　understood　that；　sooner　or　later；　she　would　be　content　with　nothing　less　than　the　sovereign　control　of　the　mighty　stream　from　its　head…spring　to　its　outlet　in　the　Gulf。　　AND　THAT　IS　AS　TRUE　NOW　AS　IT　WAS　THEN。〃　This　is　well　put。　　It　describes　with　force　the　desires；　ambition；　and　necessities　of　a　great　nation；　and　it　tells　with　historical　truth　the　story　of　the　success　of　that　nation。　　It　was　a　great　thing　done　when　the　purchase　of　the　whole　of　Louisiana　was　completed　by　the　United　Statesthat　cession　by　France；　however；　having　been　made　at　the　instance　of　Napoleon；　and　not　in　consequence　of　any　demand　made　by　the　States。　　The　district　then　called　Louisiana　included　the　present　State　of　that　name　and　the　States　of　Missouri　and　Arkansasincluded　also　the　right　to　possess；　if　not　the　absolute　possession　of　all　that　enormous　expanse　of　country　running　from　thence　back　to　the　Pacific：　a　huge　amount　of　territory；　of　which　the　most　fertile　portion　is　watered　by　the　Mississippi　and　its　vast　tributaries。　　That　river　and　those　tributaries　are　navigable　through　the　whole　center　of　the　American　continent　up　to　Wisconsin　and　Minnesota。　　To　the　United　States　the　navigation　of　the　Mississippi　was；　we　may　say；　indispensable；　and　to　the　States；　when　no　longer　united；　the　navigation　will　be　equally　indispensable。　　But　the　days　are　gone　when　any　country　such　as　Spain　was　can　interfere　to　stop　the　highways　of　the　world　with　the　all　but　avowed　intention　of　arresting　the　progress　of　civilization。　　It　may　be　that　the　North　and　the　South　can　never　again　be　friends　as　the　component　parts　of　one　nation。　　Such；　I　take　it；　is　the　belief　of　all　politicians　in　Europe；　and　of　many　of　those　who　live　across　the　water。　　But　as　separate　nations　they　may　yet　live　together　in　amity；　and　share　between　them　the　great　water…　ways　which　God　has　given　them　for　their　enrichment。　　The　Rhine　is　free　to　Prussia　and　to　Holland。　　The　Danube　is　not　closed　against　Austria。　　It　will　be　said　that　the　Danube　has　in　fact　been　closed　against　Austria；　in　spite　of　treaties　to　the　contrary。　　But　the　faults　of　bad　and　weak　governments　are　made　known　as　cautions　to　the　world；　and　not　as　facts　to　copy。　　The　free　use　of　the　waters　of　a　common　river　between　two　nations　is　an　affair　for　treaty；　and　it　has　not　yet　come　to　that　that　treaties　must　necessarily　be　null　and　void　through　the　falseness　of　politicians。　〃And　what　will　England　do　for　cotton？　　Is　it　not　the　fact　that　Lord　John　Russell；　with　his　professed　neutrality；　intends　to　express　sympathy　with　the　Southintends　to　pave　the　way　for　the　advent　of　Southern　cotton？〃　　〃You　ought　to　love　us；〃　so　say　men　in　Boston；　〃because　we　have　been　with　you　in　heart　and　spirit　for　long；　long　years。　　But　your　trade　has　eaten　into　your　souls；　and　you　love　American　cotton　better　than　American　loyalty　and　American　fellowship。〃　　This　I　found　to　be　unfair；　and　in　what　politest　language　I　could　use　I　said　so。　　I　had　not　any　special　knowledge　of　the　minds　of　English　statesmen　on　this　matter；　but　I　knew　as　well　as　Americans　could　do　what　our　statesmen　had　said　and　done　respecting　it。　　That　cotton；　if　it　came　from　the　South；　would　be　made　very　welcome　in　Liverpool；　of　course　I　knew。　　If　private　enterprise　could　bring　it；　it　might　be　brought。　　But　the　very　declaration　made　by　Lord　John　Russell　was　the　surest　pledge　that　England；　as　a　nation；　would　not　interfere　even　to　supply　her　own　wants。　　It　may　easily　be　imagined　what　eager　words　all　this　would　bring　about；　but　I　never　found　that　eager　words　led　to　feelings　which　were　personally　hostile。　All　the　world　has　heard　of　Newport；　in　Rhode　Island；　as　being　the　Brighton；　and　Tenby；　and　Scarborough　of　New　England。　　And　the　glory　of　Newport　is　by　no　means　confined　to　New　England；　but　is　shared　by　New　York　and　Washington；　and　in　ordinary　years　by　the　extreme　South。　　It　is　the　habit　of　Americans　to　go　to　some　watering…place　every　summerthat　is；　to　some　place　either　of　sea　water　or　of　inland　waters。　　This　is　done　much　in　England；　more　in　Ireland　than　in　England；　but　I　think　more　in　the　States　than　even　in　Ireland。　But　of　all　such　summer　haunts；　Newport　is　supposed　to　be　in　many　ways　the　most　captivating。　　In　the　first　place；　it　is　certainly　the　most　fashionable；　and；　in　the　next　place；　it　is　said　to　be　the　most　beautiful。　　We　decided　on　going　to　Newportled　thither　by　the　latter　reputation　rather　than　the　former。　　As　we　were　still　in　the　early　part　of　September；　we　expected　to　find　the　place　full；　but　in　this　we　were　disappointeddisappointed；　I　say；　rather　than　gratified；　although　a　crowded　house　at　such　a　place　is　certainly　a　nuisance。　　But　a　house　which　is　prepared　to　make　up　six　hundred　beds；　and　which　is　called　on　to　make　up　only　twenty…five；　becomes；　after　awhile；　somewhat　melancholy。　　The　natural　depression　of　the　landlord　communicates　itself　to　his　servants；　and　from　the　servants　it　descends　to　the　twenty…five　guests；　who　wander　about　the　long　passages　and　deserted　balconies　like　the　ghosts　of　those　of　the　summer　visitors；　who　cannot　rest　quietly　in　their　graves　at　home。　In　England　we　know　nothing　of　hotels　prepared　for　six　hundred　visitors；　all　of　whom　are　expected　to　live　in　common。　　Domestic　architects　would　be　frightened　at　the　dimensions　which　are　needed；　and　at　the　number　of　apartments　which　are　required　to　be　clustered　under　one　roof。　　We　went　to　the　Ocean　Hotel　at　Newport；　and　fancied；　as　we　first　entered　the　hall　under　a　veranda　as　high　as　the　house；　and　made　our　way　into　the　passage；　that　we　had　been　taken　to　a　well…arranged　barrack。　　〃Have　you　rooms？〃　I　asked；　as　a　man　always　does　ask　on　first　reaching　his　inn。　　〃Rooms　enough；〃　the　clerk　said；　〃we　have　only　fifty　here。〃　　But　that　fifty　dwindled　down　to　twenty…five　during　the　next　day　or　two。　we　were　a　melancholy　set；　the　ladies　appearing　to　be　afflicted　in　this　way　worse　than　the　gentlemen；　on　account　of　their　enforced　abstinence　from　tobacco。　　What　can　twelve　ladies　do　scattered　about　a　drawing…room；　so　called；　intended　for　the　accommodation　of　two　hundred？　　The　drawing…room　at　the　Ocean　Hotel；　Newport；　is　not　as　big　as　Westminster　Hall；　but　would；　I　should　think；　make　a　very　good　House　of　Commons　for　the　British　nation。　　Fancy　the　feelings　of　a　lady　when　she　walks　into　such　a　room；　intending　to　spend　her　evening　there；　and　finds　six　or　seven　other　ladies　located　on　various　sofas　at　terrible　distances；　all　strangers　to　her。　　She　has　come　to　Newport　probably　to　enjoy　herself；　and　as；　in　accordance　with　the　customs　of　the　place；　she　has　dined　at　two；　she　has　not