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year II。） the commissary announces that； at Fontainebleau and other
places； 〃he has established the system of equality in the prisons and
places of confinement； where the rich and the poor partake of the same
food。〃 … Ibid。； 210。 （Meeting of the Jacobins； Vendémiaire 29； year
II。 Speech by Laplance on his mission to Gers。） 〃Priests had every
comfort in their secluded retreats； the sans…culottes in the prisons
slept on straw。 The former provided me with mattresses for the
latter。〃 … Ibid。； XVIII。； 445。 （Meeting of the convention； Brumaire
26； year II。） 〃The Convention decrees that the food of persons kept in
places of confinement shall be simple and the same for all； the rich
paying for the poor。〃
＇113＇ Archives Nationales。 （AF。 II。； 37； order of Lequinio； Saintes；
Nivose 1； year II。） 〃Citizens generally in all communes； are requested
to celebrate the day of the decade by a fraternal banquet which；
served without luxury or display 。 。 。 will render the man bowed
down with fatique insensible to his forlorn condition； which will fill
the soul of the poor and unfortunate with the sentiment of social
equality and raise man up to the full sense of his dignity； which will
suppress with the rich man the slightest feeling of pride and
extinguish in the public functionary all germs of haughtiness and
aristocracy。〃
＇114＇ Archives Nationales； AF。 II。； ii。； 48 （Act of Floréal 25； year
II。） 〃the Committee of Public Safety request David； representative of
the people； to present his views and plans in relation to modifying
the present national costume； so as to render it appropriate to
republican habits and the character of the Revolution。〃 … Ibid。； （Act
of Prairial 5； year II。） for engraving and coloring twenty thousand
impressions of the design for a civil uniform； and six thousand
impressions for the three designs for a military； judicial and
legislative uniform。
＇115＇ An identical change took； strangely enough and as caused by some
hidden force； place in Denmark in the seventies。 （SR。）
＇116＇ This is now the case in the entire Western 'democratic' sphere；
in newspapers； schools； and on television。 （SR。）
＇117＇ Ibid； XXXI。； 271。 （Report by Robespierre； Pluviose 1； year II。）
〃This sublime principle supposes a preference for public interests
over all private interests； from which it follows that the love of
country supposes again； or produces； all the virtues。〃 〃As the essence
of a republic or of democracy is equality； it follows that love of
country necessarily comprises a love of equality。〃 〃The soul of the
Republic is virtue； equality。〃 … Lavalette； 〃Memoirs；〃 I。； 254。
（Narrated by Madame Lavalette。） She was compelled to attend public
festivals； and； every month； the patriotic processions。 〃I was rudely
treated by my associates； the low women of the quarter； the daughter
of an emigré； of a marquis； or of an imprisoned mother； ought not to
be allowed the honor of their company； 。。。。 it was all wrong that she
was not made an apprentice。。。。 Hortense de Beauharnais was
apprenticed to her mother's seamstress； while Eugene was put with a
carpenter in the Faubourg St。 Germain。〃 The prevailing dogmatism has
a singular effect with simple…minded people。 （Archives Nationals； AF。
II。； 135。 petition of Ursule Riesler； servant to citizen Estreich and
arrested along with him； addressed to Garneri； agent of the Committee
of Public Safety。 She begs citizen Garnerin to interest himself in
obtaining her freedom。 She will devote her life to praying to the
Supreme Being for him； since he will redeem her life。 He is to
furnish her； moreover； with the means for espousing a future husband；
a genuine republican； by who she is pregnant； and who would not allow
her to entertain any idea of fanatical capers。
CHAPTER II。
I。
Reactionary concept of the State。 … Analogy between this idea of the
State and that of antiquity。 … Difference between antique and modern
society。 … Changed circumstances。
The Jacobin theory can then be summarized in the following points：
* The speculative creation of a curtailed type of human being。
* An effort to adapt the living man to this type。
* The interference of public authority in every branch of public
endeavor。
* Constraints put upon labor； trade and property； upon the family and
education； upon worship； habits； customs and sentiments。
* The sacrifice of the individual to the community。
* The omnipotence of the State。
No theory could be more reactionary since it moves modern man back to
a type of society which he； eighteen centuries ago； had already passed
through and left behind。
During the historical era proceeding our own； and especially in the
old Greek or Latin cities； in Rome or Sparta； which the Jacobins take
for their models；＇1＇ human society was shaped after the pattern of an
army or convent。 In a convent as in an army； one idea； absorbing and
unique； predominates：
* The aim of the monk is to please God at any sacrifice。
* The soldier makes every sacrifice to obtain a victory。
Accordingly； each renounces every other desire and entirely abandons
himself； the monk to his rules and the soldier to his drill。 In like
manner； in the antique world； two preoccupations were of supreme
importance。 In the first place； the city had its gods who were both
its founders and protectors： it was therefore obliged to worship these
in the most reverent and particular manner； otherwise； they abandoned
it。 The neglect of any insignificant rite might offend them and ruin
it。 In the second place； there was incessant warfare； and the spoils
of war were atrocious； on a city being taken every citizen might
expect to be killed or maimed； or sold at auction； and see his
children and wife sold to the highest bidder。＇2＇ In short； the antique
city； with its acropolis of temples and its fortified citadel
surrounded by implacable and threatening enemies； resembles for us the
institution of the Knights of St。 John on their rocks at Rhodes or
Malta； a religious and military confraternity encamped around a
church。 … Liberty； under such conditions； is out of the question：
public convictions are too imperious； public danger is too great。
With this pressure upon him； and thus hampered； the individual gives
himself up to the community； which takes full possession of him；
because； to maintain its own existence； it needs the whole man。
Henceforth； no one may develop apart and for himself； no one may act
or think except within fixed lines。 The type of Man is distinctly and
clearly marked out； if not logically at least traditionally； each
life； as well as each portion of each life must conform to this type；
otherwise public security is compromised： any falling off in gymnastic
education weakens the army； passing the images of the gods and
neglecting the usual libation draws down celestial vengeance on the
city。 Consequently； to prevent all deviations； the State； absolute
master； exercises unlimited jurisdiction； no freedom whatever is left
to the individual； no portion of himself is reserved to himself； no
sheltered corner against the strong hand of public force； neither his
possessions； his children； his personality； his opinions or his
conscience。＇3＇ If； on voting days； he shares in the sovereignty； he is
subject all the rest of the year； even to his private sentiments。
Rome； to serve these ends； had two censors。 One of the archons of
Athens was inquisitor of the faith。 Socrates was put to death for not
believing in the gods in which the city believed。＇4＇ … In reality； not
only in Greece and in Rome； but in Egypt； in China； in India； in
Persia； in Judea； in Mexico； in Peru； during the first stages of
civilization；＇5＇ the principle of human communities is still that of
gregarious animals： the individual belongs to his community the same
as the bee to its hive and the ant to its ant…hill； he is simply an
organ within an organism。 Under a variety of structures and in
diverse applications authoritative socialism alone prevails。
Just the opposite in modern society； what was once the rule has now
become the exception； the antique system survives only in temporary
associations； like that of an army； or in special associations； as in
a convent。 Gradually； the individual has liberated himself； and
century after century； he has extended his domain and the two chains
which once bound him fast to the community； have snapped or been
lightened。
In the first place； public power has ceased to consist of a militia
protecting a cult。 In the beginning； through the institution of
Christianity； civil society and religious society have become two
distinct empires； Christ himself having separated the two
jurisdictions；
〃Render unto C？sar the things which are C？sar's； and unto God the
things that are God's。〃
Additionally； through the rise of Protestantism； the great Ch