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person must place himself in line with the rest of the crowd。 On
holidays＇113＇ everybody will bring his provisions down into the street
and eat as one family with his neighbor； on décadi all are to sing and
dance together； pell…mell； in the temple of the Supreme being。 The
decrees of the Convention and the orders of the representatives impose
the republican cockade on women； public opinion and example impose on
men the costume and appearance of sans…culottes we see even dandies
wearing mustaches； long hair； red cap； vest and heavy wooden
shoes。＇114＇ Nobody calls a person Monsieur or Madame； the only titles
allowed are citoyen and citoyenne while thee and Thou is the general
rule。 Rude familiarity takes the place of monarchical politeness； all
greet each other as equals and comrades。＇115＇ There is now only one
tone； one style； one language； revolutionary forms constitute the
tissue of speech； as well as of written discourse； thought now seems
to consists entirely of our ideas and phrases。＇116＇ All names are
transformed； those of months and of days； those of places and of
monuments； baptismal names and names of families： St。 Denis has
become Franciade； Peter Gaspard is converted into Anaxagoras； and
Antoine…Louis into Brutus； Leroi； the deputy； calls himself Laloi； and
Leroy； the jurist； calls himself August…Tenth。 … By dint of thus
shaping the exterior we reach the interior； and through outward civism
we prepare internal civism。 Both are obligatory； but the latter much
more so than the former； for that is the fundamental principle；＇117＇
〃the incentive which sustains and impels a democratic and popular
government。〃 It is impossible to apply the social contract if
everybody does not scrupulously observe the first clause of it；
namely； the complete surrender of himself to the community； everybody；
then； must give himself up entirely； not only actually but heartily；
and devote himself to the public good； which public good is the
regeneration of Man as we have defined it。 The veritable citizen is
he who thus marches along with us。 With him； as with us； abstract
truths of philosophy control the conscience and govern the will。 He
starts with our articles of faith and follows them out to the end； he
endorses our acts； he recites our creed； he observes our discipline；
he is a believing and practicing Jacobin； an orthodox Jacobin；
unsullied； and without taint of heresy or schism。 Never does he
swerve to the left toward exaggeration； nor to the right toward
toleration； without haste or delay he travels along the narrow； steep
and straight path which we have marked out for him； this is the
pathway of reason； for； as there is but one reason； there is but one
pathway。 Let no one swerve from the line； there are abysses on each
side of it。 Let us follow our guides； men of principles； the pure；
especially Couthon； Saint…Just and Robespierre； they are choice
specimens； all cast in the true mold； and it is this unique and rigid
mold in which all French men are to be recast。
______________________________________________________________________…
Notes：
＇1＇ This and the following text are taken from the 〃Contrat…Social〃 by
Rousseau。 Cf。 〃The ancient Régime；〃 book III。； ch。。 IV。
＇2＇ This idea； so universally prevalent and precocious； is uttered by
Mirabeau in the session of the 10th of August； 1789。 （Buchez et Roux；
II。； 257。） 〃I know of but three ways of maintaining one's existence in
society； and these are to be either a beggar； a robber or a hireling。
The proprietor is himself only the first of hirelings。 What we
commonly call his property is nothing more than the pay society awards
him for distributing amongst others that which is entrusted to him to
distribute through his expenses and through what he consumes；
proprietors are the agents； the stewards of the social body。〃
＇3＇ Report by Roland； January 6； 1793； and by Cambon； February 1；
1793。
＇4＇ Buchez et Roux； XXXI。； 311。 Report by Saint…Just； Vent？se 8； year
II。； and decree in conformity therewith。
＇5＇ Decree of 13 Brumaire； year II。 … Report by Cambon； Feb。 1；
1793。 Cambon estimates the property alone of the order of Malta and
of the colleges at four hundred million livres。
＇6＇ Moniteur； XVIII。； 419 and 486。 Reports by Cambon； Brumaire 22 and
Frimaire 1st； year II。 〃Let us begin with taking possession of the
leased domains； notwithstanding preceding laws。〃
＇7＇ Cf。 〃The Ancient Régime；〃 p。 14。
＇8＇ Mallet…Dupan； 〃Mémoires；〃 II。； 19。 Moniteur； XVIII。； 565。
（Report by Cambon； 11 Frimaire； year II。） Requested to do so by a
popular club of Toulouse； the department of Haute…Garonne has ordered
all possessors of articles in gold or silver to bring them to the
treasuries of their districts to be exchanged for assignats。 This
order has thus far brought into the Toulouse treasury about one
million five hundred thousand or one million six hundred thousand
livres in gold and silver。 The same at Montauban and other places。
〃Several of our colleagues have even decreed the death penalty against
whoever did not bring their gold and silver within a given time。〃
＇9＇ Archives Nationales； AF。 II。； 106。 （Order by representative
Beauchamp； l'Isle Jourdan； Pluviose 2； year II。） 〃All blue and green
cloaks in the departments of Haute…Garonne； as well as of the Landes；
Gers and others； are put in requisition from the present day。 Every
citizen possessing blue or green cloaks is required to declare them at
the depot of municipality or other locality where he may chance to
be。〃 If not； he is considered 〃suspect〃 is treated as such。 … Ibid。；
AF。II。； 92 （Order issued by Taillefer； Brumaire 3； year II。； at
Villefranche…l'Aveyron）。 … De Martel； 〃Etude sur Fouché；〃 368。
（Order by Fouché； Collot d'Herbois and Delaporte： Lyons； Brumaire 21；
year II。） … Moniteur； XVIII。； 384。 （Session of 19th Brumaire。 Letter
of Barras and Fréron； dated at Marseilles。） … Moniteur XVIII。； 513
（Orders by Lebon and Saint…Just； at Strasbourg； Brumaire 24 and 25；
year II。） Letter of Isoré to the minister Bouchotte； November 4； 1793。
（Legros； 〃La Revolution telle qu'elle est。〃） The principle of these
measures was laid down by Robespierre in his speech on property （April
24； 1793）； and in his declaration of rights unanimously adopted by the
Jacobin Club （Buchez et Roux； XXVI。； 93 and 130）。
＇10＇ Rousset； 〃Les Volontaires；〃 p。 234 and 254。
＇11＇ Report by Cambon； Pluviose 3； year III。； p。3。 〃One fifth of the
active population is employed in the common defense。〃 … Decree of May
12； and Aug。 23； 1793。 … Decree of November 22； 1793。 … Order of
the Directory； October 18； 1798。
＇12＇ Moniteur； XIX。； 631。 Decree of Vent？se 14； year II。 Archives
Nationales； D。SI。； 10。 （Orders by representatives Delacroix； Louchet
and Legendre； Pont…Audemer； Frimaire 14； year II。） … Moniteur； XVIII；
622。 … （Decree of Frimaire 18； year II。）
＇13＇ Lenin must have read Taine's text during his long studious stay
in Paris。 He and Stalin did； in any case try to let the USSR function
in accordance with such central allocated planning。 （SR。）
＇14＇ Decree of 15…18 Floréal； year II。 Decree of September 29； 1793；
（in which forty objects of prime necessity are enumerated。 … Article
9 decrees three days imprisonment against workmen and manufacturers
who 〃without legitimate reason； shall refuse to do their ordinary
task。〃 … Decrees of September 16 and 20； 1793； and that of September
11； articles 16；19； 20 and 21。
＇15＇ Archives Nationales； AF。 II。； III。 Order of the representative
Ferry； Bourges； 23 Messidor； year II。 … Ibid。； AF。 II。； 106。 Order
of the representative Dartigoyte； Auch； Prairial 18； year II。
＇16＇ Decree of Brumaire 11； year II。； article 7。
＇17＇ Gouvion Saint Cyr； 〃Mémoires sur les campagnes de 1792 à la paix
de Campo…Formio；〃 I。； 91…109： 〃Promotion； which every one feared at
this time。〃 。 。 。 Ibid。 229。 〃Men who had any resources
obstinately held aloof from any kind of advancement。〃 Archives
Nationales； DS。 I； 5。 （Mission of representative Albert in L'Aube
and La Marne； and especially the order issued by Albert； Chalons；
Germinal 7； year III。； with the numerous petitions of judges and town
officers soliciting their removal。 … Letter of the painter Gosse
（published in Le Temps； May 31； 1872）； which is very curious； showing
the trials of those in private life during the Revolution： 〃My father
was appointed charity commissioner and quartermaster for the troops；
at the time of the Reign of Terror it would have been imprudent to
have refused any office〃 … Archives Nationales； F7； 3485。 The case of
Girard Toussaint； notary at Paris； who 〃fell under the sword of the
law； Thermidor 9； year II。〃 This Girard； who was very liberal early in
the revolution； was president of his section in 1789； but； after the
10th of August； he had kept quiet。 The committee of the s