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profession or even of any handicraft。 At Strasbourg； a little later；
〃considering that the thirst for gold has always controlled the
brewers of the commune；〃 they are condemned to 250；000 livres fine； to
be paid in three days under penalty of being declared rebels； with the
confiscation of their possessions；〃 then； upon another similar
consideration； the bakers and flour dealers are taxed three hundred
thousand livres。＇129＇ In addition to this； writes Representative
Milhaud； at Guyardin；＇130＇ 〃We have ordered the arrest of all bankers；
stock…brokers and notaries。 。 。 。 All their wealth is confiscated；
we estimate the sums under seal at 2 or 3 millions in coin； and 15 or
16 in assignats。〃 There is the same haul of the net at Paris。 By
order of Lhuillier； procureur of the department； 〃seals are placed in
the offices of all the bankers； stock…brokers； silversmiths； etc。；〃
and they themselves are shut up in the Madelonettes； a few days after；
that they may pay their drafts； they are let out as a favor； but on
condition that they remain under arrest in their homes； at their own
expense； under guard of two good sans…culottes。＇131＇ In like manner；
at Nantes；＇132＇ Lyons； Marseilles and Bordeaux； the prisons are filled
and the guillotine works according to the categories。 At one time
they are 〃all of the Grand Théatre；〃 or the principal merchants； 〃to
the number of more than 200；〃 are incarcerated at Bordeaux in one
night。＇133＇ At another time； Paris provides a haul of farmer…generals
or parliamentarians。 Carts leave Toulouse conveying its
parliamentarians to Paris to undergo capital punishment。 At Aix；
writes an agent；＇134＇
〃the guillotine is going to work on former lawyers a few hundred heads
legally taken off will do the greatest good。〃
And； as new crimes require new terms to designate them； they add to
〃incivisme〃 and 〃moderantisme；〃 the term 〃negociantisme；〃 all of which
are easily stated and widespread crimes。
〃The rich and the merchants；〃 writes an observer；＇135＇ 〃are here； as
elsewhere； born enemies of equality and lovers of hideous federalism；
the only aristocracy that remains to be crushed out。〃
Barras； with still greater precision； declares in the tribune that；
〃commerce is usurious； monarchical and anti…revolutionary。〃＇136＇
Considered in itself； it may be defined as an appeal to bad instincts；
it seems a corrupting； incivique； anti…fraternal institution； many
Jacobins having proposed either to interdict it to private persons and
attribute it wholly to the State； or suppress it along with the arts
and manufactures which nourish it； in order that only a population of
agriculturists and soldiers may be left in France。＇137＇
The second advantage and the second crime of the notables is
superiority of education。 〃In all respectable assemblages；〃 writes a
Dutch traveler in 1795；＇138＇ 〃you may be sure that one…half of those
present have been in prison。 Add the absent； the guillotined； the
exiled； emigrés； the deported； and note this； that； in the other
favored half； those who did not quaff the prison cup had had a
foretaste of it for； each expected daily to receive his warrant of
arrest； 〃the worst thing under Robespierre； as several old gentlemen
have told me； was that one never knew in the morning whether one would
sleep in one's own bed at night。〃 There was not a well…bred man who
did not live in dread of this； examine the lists of 〃suspects；〃 of the
arrested； of exiles； of those executed； in any town； district or
department；＇139＇ and you will see immediately； through their quality
and occupations； first； that three…quarters of the cultivated are
inscribed on it； and next； that intellectual culture in itself is
suspect。 〃They were equally criminal；〃＇140＇ write the Strasbourg
administrators； 〃whether rich or cultivated 。 。 。 。 The （Jacobin）
municipality declared the University federalist； it proscribed public
instruction and； consequently； the professors； regents； and heads of
schools； with all instructors； public as well as private； even those
provided with certificates of civism； were arrested； 。 。 。 。 every
Protestant minister and teacher in the Lower…Rhine department was
incarcerated； with a threat of being transferred to the citadel at
Besan？on。〃 … Fourcroy； in the Jacobin Club at Paris； excusing himself
for being a savant； for giving lectures on chemistry； for not devoting
his time to the rantings of the Convention and of the clubs； is
obliged to declare that he is poor； that he lives by his work； that he
supports 〃his father； a sans…culotte； and his sans…culotte sisters；〃
although a good republican； he barely escapes； and the same with
others like him。 All educated men were persecuted；〃 he states a
month after Thermidor 9；＇141＇ 〃to have acquaintances； to be literary；
sufficed for arrest； as an aristocrat。 。 。 。 Robespierre 。 。 。
with devilish ingenuity； abused； calumniated and overwhelmed with gall
and bitterness all who were devoted to serious studies； all who
professed extensive knowledge； 。 。 。 he felt that cultivated men
would never bend the knee to him ＇142＇。 。 。 。 。 Instruction was
paralyzed； they wanted to burn the libraries 。 。 。 。 。 Must I
tell you that at the very door of your assembly errors in orthography
are seen？ Nobody learns how to read or write。〃 … At Nantes； Carrier
boasts of having 〃dispersed the literary chambers；〃 while in his
enumeration of the evil…minded he adds 〃to the rich and merchants；〃
〃all gens d'esprit。〃＇143＇ Sometimes on the turnkey's register we read
that such an one was confined 〃for being clever and able to do
mischief；〃 another for saying 〃good…day； gentlemen； to the municipal
councillors。〃＇144＇
Politeness has； like other signs of a good education； become a stigma；
good manners are considered； not only as a remnant of the ancient
régime； but as a revolt against the new institutions； now； as the
governing principle of these is； theoretically； abstract equality and；
practically； the ascendancy of the low class； one rebels against the
established order of things when one repudiates coarse companions；
familiar oaths； and the indecent expressions of the common workman and
the soldier。 In sum； Jacobinism； through its doctrines and deeds； its
dungeons and executioners； proclaims to the nation over which it holds
the rod：＇145＇
〃Be rude； that you may become republican； return to barbarism that
you may show the superiority of your genius； abandon the customs of
civilized people that you may adopt those of galley slaves； mar your
language with a view to improve it； use that of the populace under
penalty of death。 Spanish beggars treat each other in a dignified
way； they show respect for humanity although in tatters。 We； on the
contrary； order you to assume our rags； our patois； our terms of
intimacy。 Don the carmagnole and tremble； become rustics and dolts；
and prove your civism by the absence of all education。〃
This is true to the letter。
〃Education；＇146＇ 〃 says another contemporary； 〃amiable qualities；
gentle ways； a mild physiognomy； bodily graces； a cultivated mind； all
natural endowments are henceforth the inevitable causes of
proscription。〃
One is self…condemned if one has not converted oneself into a sans…
culotte and proletarian； in accordance with affected modes； air；
language and dress。 Hence；
〃through a hypocritical contest hitherto unknown men who were not
vicious deemed it necessary to appear so。〃
And worse still；
〃one was even afraid to be oneself； one changed one's name； one went
in disguise； wearing a vulgar and tasteless attire； everybody shrunk
from being what he was。〃
For； according to the Jacobin program； all Frenchmen must be
recast＇147＇ in one uniform mold； they must be taken when small； all
must be subject to the same enforced education； that of a mechanic；
rustic and soldier's boy。 Be warned； ye adults； by the guillotine；
reform yourselves beforehand according to the prescribed pattern！ No
more costly； elegant or delicate crystal or gold vases！ All are
shattered or are still being shattered。 Henceforth； only common ware
is to be tolerated or ordered to be made； all alike in substance；
shape and color； manufactured by thousands at wholesale and in public
factories； for the common and plain uses of rural and military life；
all original and superior forms are to be rejected。
〃The masters of the day；〃 writes Daunou；＇148＇ 〃deliberately aimed
their sword thrusts at superior talent； at energetic characters； they
mowed down as well as they could in so short a time； the flower and
hope of the nation。〃
In this respect they were consistent； equality…socialism＇149＇ allows
none but automatic citizens； mere tools in the hands of the State； all
alike； of a rudimentary fashion and easily managed； without personal
conscience； spontaneity； curiosity or integrity； whoever has
cult