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government of the city； and appoint senators according to his own
pleasure。 The pope again declared Louis of Tarento； king； and in
gratitude for the benefit； Queen Joan gave Avignon； her inheritance；
to the church。 About this time Luchino Visconti died； and his brother
the archbishop； remaining lord of Milan； carried on many wars against
Tuscany and his neighbors； and became very powerful。 Bernabo and
Galeazzo； his nephews； succeeded him； but Galeazzo soon after died；
leaving Giovan Galeazzo； who shared the state with Bernabo。 Charles；
king of Bohemia； was then emperor； and the pontificate was occupied by
Innocent VI。； who sent Cardinal Egidio； a Spaniard； into Italy。 He
restored the reputation of the church； not only in Rome and Romagna；
but throughout the whole of Italy； he recovered Bologna from the
archbishop of Milan； and compelled the Romans to accept a foreign
senator appointed annually by the pope。 He made honorable terms with
the Visconti； and routed and took prisoner； John Agut； an Englishman；
who with four thousand English had fought on the side of the
Ghibellines in Tuscany。 Urban V。； hearing of so many victories；
resolved to visit Italy and Rome； whither also the emperor came； after
remaining a few months； he returned to the kingdom of Bohemia； and the
pope to Avignon。 On the death of Urban； Gregory XI。 was created pope；
and； as the Cardinal Egidio was dead； Italy again recommenced her
ancient discords； occasioned by the union of the other powers against
the Visconti； and the pope； having first sent a legate with six
thousand Bretons； came in person and established the papal court at
Rome in 1376； after an absence of seventy…one years in France。 To
Gregory XI。； succeeded Urban VI。； but shortly afterwards Clement VI。
was elected at Fondi by ten cardinals； who declared the appointment of
Urban irregular。 At this time； the Genoese threw off the yoke of the
Visconti under whom they had lived many years； and between them and
the Venetians several important battles were fought for the island of
Tenedos。 Although the Genoese were for a time successful； and held
Venice in a state of siege during many months； the Venetians were at
length victorious； and by the intervention of the pope； peace was made
in the year 1381。 In these wars； artillery was first used； having been
recently invented by the Dutch。
CHAPTER VII
Schism in the churchAmbitious views of Giovanni Galeazzo
ViscontiThe pope and the Romans come to an agreementBoniface
IX。 introduces the practice of AnnatesDisturbance in Lombardy
The Venetians acquire dominion on terra firmaDifferences between
the pope and the people of RomeCouncil of PisaCouncil of
ConstanceFilippo Visconti recovers his dominionGiovanna II。 of
NaplesPolitical condition of Italy。
A schism having thus arisen in the church； Queen Joan favored the
schismatic pope； upon which Urban caused Charles of Durazzo； descended
from the kings of Naples； to undertake the conquest of her dominions。
Having succeeded in his object； she fled to France； and he assumed the
sovereignty。 The king of France； being exasperated； sent Louis of
Anjou into Italy to recover the kingdom for the queen； to expel Urban
from Rome； and establish the anti…pope。 But in the midst of this
enterprise Louis died； and his people being routed returned to France。
In this conjuncture the pope went to Naples； where he put nine
cardinals into prison for having taken the part of France and the
anti…pope。 He then became offended with the king； for having refused
to make his nephew prince of Capua； and pretending not to care about
it； requested he would grant him Nocera for his habitation； but；
having fortified it； he prepared to deprive the king of his dominions。
upon this the king pitched his camp before the place； and the pope
fled to Naples； where he put to death the cardinals whom he had
imprisoned。 From thence he proceeded to Rome； and； to acquire
influence； created twenty…nine cardinals。 At this time Charles； king
of Naples； went to Hungary； where； having been made king； he was
shortly afterward killed in battle； leaving a wife and two children at
Naples。 About the same time Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti murdered
Bernabo his uncle and took the entire sovereignty upon himself； and；
not content with being duke of Milan and sovereign of the whole of
Lombardy； designed to make himself master of Tuscany； but while he was
intent upon occupying the province with the ultimate view of making
himself king of Italy； he died。 Boniface IX。 succeeded Urban VI。 The
anti…pope； Clement VI。； also died； and Benedict XIII。 was appointed
his successor。
Many English； Germans； and Bretons served at this period in the armies
of Italy； commanded partly by those leaders who had from time to time
authority in the country； and partly by such as the pontiffs sent；
when they were at Avignon。 With these warriors the princes of Italy
long carried on their wars； till the coming of Lodovico da Cento of
Romagna； who formed a body of Italian soldiery； called the Company of
St。 George； whose valor and discipline soon caused the foreign troops
to fall into disrepute； and gave reputation to the native forces of
the country； of which the princes afterward availed themselves in
their wars with each other。 The pope； Boniface IX。； being at enmity
with the Romans； went to Scesi； where he remained till the jubilee of
1400； when the Romans； to induce him to return to the city； consented
to receive another foreign senator of his appointing； and also allowed
him to fortify the castle of Saint Angelo： having returned upon these
conditions； in order to enrich the church； he ordained that everyone；
upon vacating a benefice； should pay a year's value of it to the
Apostolic Chamber。
After the death of Giovanni Galeazzo； duke of Milan； although he left
two children； Giovanmaria and Filippo； the state was divided into many
parts； and in the troubles which ensued Giovanmaria was slain。 Filippo
remained some time in the castle of Pavia； from which； through the
fidelity and virtue of the castellan； he escaped。 Among others who
occupied cities possessed by his father； was Guglielmo della Scala；
who； being banished； fell into the hands of Francesco de Carrera； lord
of Padua； by whose means he recovered the state of Verona； in which he
only remained a short time； for he was poisoned； by order of
Francesco； and the city taken from him。 These things occasioned the
people of Vicenza； who had lived in security under the protection of
the Visconti； to dread the greatness of the lord of Padua； and they
placed themselves under the Venetians； who； engaging in arms with him；
first took Verona and then Padua。
At this time Pope Boniface died； and was succeeded by Innocent VII。
The people of Rome supplicated him to restore to them their fortresses
and their liberty； but as he would not consent to their petition； they
called to their assistance Ladislaus； king of Naples。 Becoming
reconciled to the people； the pope returned to Rome； and made his
nephew Lodovico count of La Marca。 Innocent soon after died； and
Gregory XII。 was created； upon the understanding to renounce the
papacy whenever the anti…pope would also renounce it。 By the advice of
the cardinals； in order to attempt the reunion of the church；
Benedict； the anti…pope； came to Porto Venere； and Gregory to Lucca；
where they made many endeavors； but effected nothing。 Upon this； the
cardinals of both the popes abandoned them； Benedict going to Spain；
and Gregory to Rimini。 On the other hand； the cardinals； with the
favor of Balthazar Cossa； cardinal and legate of Bologna； appointed a
council at Pisa； where they created Alexander V。； who immediately
excommunicated King Ladislaus； and invested Louis of Anjou with the
kingdom； this prince； with the Florentines； Genoese； and Venetians；
attacked Ladislaus and drove him from Rome。 In the head of the war
Alexander died； and Balthazar Cossa succeeded him； with the title of
John XXIII。 Leaving Bologna； where he was elected； he went to Rome；
and found there Louis of Anjou； who had brought the army from
Provence； and coming to an engagement with Ladislaus； routed him。 But
by the mismanagement of the leaders； they were unable to prosecute the
victory； so that the king in a short time gathered strength and retook
Rome。 Louis fled to Provence； the pope to Bologna； where； considering
how he might diminish the power of Ladislaus； he caused Sigismund；
king of Hungary； to be elected emperor； and advised him to come to
Italy。 Having a personal interview at Mantua； they agreed to call a
general council； in which the church should be united； and having
effected this； the pope thought he should be fully enabled to oppose
the forces of his enemies。
At this time there were three popes； Gregory； Benedict； and Giovanni；
which kept the church weak and in disrepute。 The city of Constance； in
Germany；