the history-第91章

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itherto；　Clisthenes　made　ten　tribes；　and　parcelled　out　the　Athenians　among　them。　He　likewise　changed　the　names　of　the　tribes；　for　whereas　they　had　till　now　been　called　after　Geleon；　Aegicores；　Argades；　and　Hoples；　the　four　sons　of　Ion；　Clisthenes　set　these　names　aside；　and　called　his　tribes　after　certain　other　heroes；　all　of　whom　were　native；　except　Ajax。　Ajax　was　associated　because；　although　a　foreigner；　he　was　a　neighbour　and　an　ally　of　Athens。　　　　　My　belief　is　that　in　acting　thus　he　did　but　imitate　his　maternal　grandfather；　Clisthenes；　king　of　Sicyon。　This　king；　when　he　was　at　war　with　Argos；　put　an　end　to　the　contests　of　the　rhapsodists　at　Sicyon；　because　in　the　Homeric　poems　Argos　and　the　Argives　were　so　constantly　the　theme　of　song。　He　likewise　conceived　the　wish　to　drive　Adrastus；　the　son　of　Talaus；　out　of　his　country；　seeing　that　he　was　an　Argive　hero。　For　Adrastus　had　a　shrine　at　Sicyon；　which　yet　stands　in　the　market…place　of　the　town。　Clisthenes　therefore　went　to　Delphi；　and　asked　the　oracle　if　he　might　expel　Adrastus。　To　this　the　Pythoness　is　reported　to　have　answered…　〃Adrastus　is　the　Sicyonians'　king；　but　thou　art　only　a　robber。〃　So　when　the　god　would　not　grant　his　request；　he　went　home　and　began　to　think　how　he　might　contrive　to　make　Adrastus　withdraw　of　his　own　accord。　After　a　while　he　hit　upon　a　plan　which　he　thought　would　succeed。　He　sent　envoys　to　Thebes　in　Boeotia；　and　informed　the　Thebans　that　he　wished　to　bring　Melanippus；　the　son　of　Astacus；　to　Sicyon。　The　Thebans　consenting；　Clisthenes　carried　Melanippus　back　with　him；　assigned　him　a　precinct　within　the　government…house；　and　built　him　a　shrine　there　in　the　safest　and　strongest　part。　The　reason　for　his　so　doing　（which　I　must　not　forbear　to　mention）　was　because　Melanippus　was　Adrastus'　great　enemy；　having　slain　both　his　brother　Mecistes　and　his　son…in…law　Tydeus。　Clisthenes；　after　assigning　the　precinct　to　Melanippus；　took　away　from　Adrastus　the　sacrifices　and　festivals　wherewith　he　had　till　then　been　honoured；　and　transferred　them　to　his　adversary。　Hitherto　the　Sicyonians　had　paid　extraordinary　honours　to　Adrastus；　because　the　country　had　belonged　to　Polybus；　and　Adrastus　was　Polybus'　daughter's　son；　whence　it　came　to　pass　that　Polybus；　dying　childless；　left　Adrastus　his　kingdom。　Besides　other　ceremonies；　it　had　been　their　wont　to　honour　Adrastus　with　tragic　choruses；　which　they　assigned　to　him　rather　than　Bacchus；　on　account　of　his　calamities。　Clisthenes　now　gave　the　choruses　to　Bacchus；　transferring　to　Melanippus　the　rest　of　the　sacred　rites。　　　　　Such　were　his　doings　in　the　matter　of　Adrastus。　With　respect　to　the　Dorian　tribes；　not　choosing　the　Sicyonians　to　have　the　same　tribes　as　the　Argives；　he　changed　all　the　old　names　for　new　ones；　and　here　he　took　special　occasion　to　mock　the　Sicyonians；　for　he　drew　his　new　names　from　the　words　〃pig；〃　and　〃ass；〃　adding　thereto　the　usual　tribe…endings；　only　in　the　case　of　his　own　tribe　he　did　nothing　of　the　sort；　but　gave　them　a　name　drawn　from　his　own　kingly　office。　For　he　called　his　own　tribe　the　Archelai；　or　Rulers；　while　the　others　he　named　Hyatae；　or　Pig…folk；　Oneatae；　or　Assfolk；　and　Choereatae；　or　Swine…folk。　The　Sicyonians　kept　these　names；　not　only　during　the　reign　of　Clisthenes；　but　even　after　his　death；　by　the　space　of　sixty　years：　then；　however；　they　took　counsel　together；　and　changed　to　the　well…known　names　of　Hyllaeans；　Pamphylians；　and　Dymanatae；　taking　at　the　same　time；　as　a　fourth　name；　the　title　of　Aegialeans；　from　Aegialeus　the　son　of　Adrastus。　　　　　Thus　had　Clisthenes　the　Sicyonian　done。　The　Athenian　Clisthenes；　who　was　grandson　by　the　mother's　side　of　the　other；　and　had　been　named　after　him；　resolved；　from　contempt　（as　I　believe）　of　the　Ionians；　that　his　tribes　should　not　be　the　same　as　theirs；　and　so　followed　the　pattern　set　him　by　his　namesake　of　Sicyon。　Having　brought　entirely　over　to　his　own　side　the　common　people　of　Athens；　whom　he　had　before　disdained；　he　gave　all　the　tribes　new　names；　and　made　the　number　greater　than　formerly；　instead　of　the　four　phylarchs　he　established　ten；　he　likewise　placed　ten　demes　in　each　of　the　tribes；　and　he　was；　now　that　the　common　people　took　his　part；　very　much　more　powerful　than　his　adversaries。　　　　　Isagoras　in　his　turn　lost　ground；　and　therefore；　to　counter…plot　his　enemy；　he　called　in　Cleomenes　the　Lacedaemonian；　who　had　already；　at　the　time　when　he　was　besieging　the　Pisistratidae；　made　a　contract　of　friendship　with　him。　A　charge　is　even　brought　against　Cleomenes　that　he　was　on　terms　of　too　great　familiarity　with　Isagoras's　wife。　At　this　time　the　first　thing　that　he　did　was　to　send　a　herald　and　require　that　Clisthenes；　and　a　large　number　of　Athenians　besides；　whom　he　called　〃The　Accursed；〃　should　leave　Athens。　This　message　he　sent　at　the　suggestion　of　Isagoras：　for　in　the　affair　referred　to；　the　blood…guiltiness　lay　on　the　Alcmaeonidae　and　their　partisans；　while　he　and　his　friends　were　quite　clear　of　it。　　　　　The　way　in　which　〃The　Accursed〃　at　Athens　got　their　name；　was　the　following。　There　was　a　certain　Athenian　called　Cylon；　a　victor　at　the　Olympic　Games；　who　aspired　to　the　sovereignty；　and　aided　by　a　number　of　his　companions；　who　were　of　the　same　age　with　himself；　made　an　attempt　to　seize　the　citadel。　But　the　attack　failed；　and　Cylon　became　a　suppliant　at　the　image。　Hereupon　the　Heads　of　the　Naucraries；　who　at　that　time　bore　rule　in　Athens；　induced　the　fugitives　to　remove　by　a　promise　to　spare　their　lives。　Nevertheless　they　were　all　slain；　and　the　blame　was　laid　on　the　Alcmaeonidae。　All　this　happened　before　the　time　of　Pisistratus。　　　　　When　the　message　of　Cleomenes　arrived；　requiring　Clisthenes　and　〃The　Accursed〃　to　quit　the　city；　Clisthenes　departed　of　his　own　accord。　Cleomenes；　however；　notwithstanding　his　departure；　came　to　Athens；　with　a　small　band　of　followers；　and　on　his　arrival　sent　into　banishment　seven　hundred　Athenian　families；　which　were　pointed　out　to　him　by　Isagoras。　Succeeding　here；　he　next　endeavoured　to　dissolve　the　council；　and　to　put　the　government　into　the　hands　of　three　hundred　of　the　partisans　of　that　leader。　But　the　council　resisted；　and　refused　to　obey　his　orders；　whereupon　Cleomenes；　Isagoras；　and　their　followers　took　possession　of　the　citadel。　Here　they　were　attacked　by　the　rest　of　the　Athenians；　who　took　the　side　of　the　council；　and　were　besieged　for　the　space　of　two　days：　on　the　third　day　they　accepted　terms；　being　allowed…　at　least　such　of　them　as　were　Lacedaemonians…　to　quit　the　country。　And　so　the　word　which　came　to　Cleomenes　received　its　fulfilment。　For　when　he　first　went　up　into　the　citadel；　meaning　to　seize　it；　just　as　he　was　entering　the　sanctuary　of　the　goddess；　in　order　to　question　her；　the　priestess　arose　from　her　throne；　before　he　had　passed　the　doors；　and　said…　〃Stranger　from　Lacedaemon；　depart　hence；　and　presume　not　to　enter　the　holy　place…　it　is　not　lawful　for　a　Dorian　to　set　foot　there。〃　But　he　answered；　〃Oh！　woman；　I　am　not　a　Dorian；　but　an　Achaean。〃　Slighting　this　warning；　Cleomenes　made　his　attempt；　and　so　he　was　forced　to　retire；　together　with　his　Lacedaemonians。　The　rest　were　cast　into　prison　by　the　Athenians；　and　condemned　to　die…　among　them　Timasitheus　the　Delphian；　of　whose　prowess　and　courage　I　have　great　things　which　I　could　tell。　　　　　So　these　men　died　in　prison。　The　Athenians　directly　afterwards　recalled　Clisthenes；　and　the　seven　hundred　families　which　Cleomenes　had　driven　out；　and；　further；　they　sent　envoys　to　Sardis；　to　make　an　alliance　with　the　Persians；　for　they　knew　that　war　would　follow　with　Cleomenes　and　the　Lacedaemonians。　When　the　ambassadors　reached　Sardis　and　delivered　their　message；　Artaphernes；　son　of　Hystaspes；　who　was　at　that　time　governor　of　the　Place；　inquired　of　them　〃who　they　were；　and　in　what　part　of　the　world　they　dwelt；　that　they　wanted　to　become　allies　of　the　Persians？〃　The　messengers　told　him；　upon　which　he　answered　them　shortly…　that　〃if　the　Athenians　chose　to　give　earth　and　water　to　King　Darius；　he　would　conclude　an　alliance　with　them；　but　if　not；　they　might　go　home　again。〃　After　consulting　together；　the　envoys；　anxious　to　form　the　alliance；　accepted　the　terms；　but　on　their　return　to　Athens；　they　fell　into　deep　disgrace　on　account　of　their　compliance。　　　　　Meanwhile　Cleomenes；　who　considered　himself　to　have　been　insulted　by　the　Athenians　both　in　word　and　deed；　was　drawing　a　force　together　from　all　parts　of　the　Peloponnese；　without　informing　any　one　of　his　object；　which　was　to　revenge　himself　on　the　Athenians；　and　to　establish　Isagoras；　who　had　escaped　with　him　from　the　citadel；　as　despot　of　Athens。　Accordingly；　with　a　large　army；　he　invaded　the　district　of　Eleusis；　while　the　Boeotians；　who　had　concerted　measures　with　him；　took　Oenoe　and　Hysiae；　two　country　towns　upon　the　frontier；　and　at　the　same　time　the　Chalcideans；　on　another　side；　plundered　divers　places　in　Attica。　The　Athenians；　notwithstanding　that　danger　threatened　them　from　every　quarter；　put　off　all　thought　of　the　Boeotians　and　Chalcideans　till　a　future　time；　and　marched　against　the　Peloponnesians；　who　were　at　Eleusis。　　　　　As　the　two　hosts　were　about　to　engage；　first　of　all　the　Corinthians；　bethinking　themselves　that　they　were　perpetrating　a　wrong；　changed　their　minds；　and　drew　off　from　the　main　army。　Then　Demaratus；　son　of　Aristo