the history-第58章

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gnesians　of　Asia；　the　Aeolians；　the　Carians；　the　Lycians；　the　Milyans；　and　the　Pamphylians；　paid　their　tribute　in　a　single　sum；　which　was　fixed　at　four　hundred　talents　of　silver。　These　formed　together　the　first　satrapy。　　　　　The　Mysians；　Lydians；　Lasonians；　Cabalians；　and　Hygennians　paid　the　sum　of　five　hundred　talents。　This　was　the　second　satrapy。　　　　　The　Hellespontians；　of　the　right　coast　as　one　enters　the　straits；　the　Phrygians；　the　Asiatic　Thracians；　the　Paphlagonians；　the　Mariandynians'　and　the　Syrians　paid　a　tribute　of　three　hundred　and　sixty　talents。　This　was　the　third　satrapy。　　　　　The　Cilicians　gave　three　hundred　and　sixty　white　horses；　one　for　each　day　in　the　year；　and　five　hundred　talents　of　silver。　Of　this　sum　one　hundred　and　forty　talents　went　to　pay　the　cavalry　which　guarded　the　country；　while　the　remaining　three　hundred　and　sixty　were　received　by　Darius。　This　was　the　fourth　satrapy。　　　　　The　country　reaching　from　the　city　of　Posideium　（built　by　Amphilochus；　son　of　Amphiaraus；　on　the　confines　of　Syria　and　Cilicia）　to　the　borders　of　Egypt；　excluding　therefrom　a　district　which　belonged　to　Arabia　and　was　free　from　tax；　paid　a　tribute　of　three　hundred　and　fifty　talents。　All　Phoenicia；　Palestine　Syria；　and　Cyprus；　were　herein　contained。　This　was　the　fifth　satrapy。　　　　　From　Egypt；　and　the　neighbouring　parts　of　Libya；　together　with　the　towns　of　Cyrene　and　Barca；　which　belonged　to　the　Egyptian　satrapy；　the　tribute　which　came　in　was　seven　hundred　talents。　These　seven　hundred　talents　did　not　include　the　profits　of　the　fisheries　of　Lake　Moeris；　nor　the　corn　furnished　to　the　troops　at　Memphis。　Corn　was　supplied　to　120；000　Persians；　who　dwelt　at　Memphis　in　the　quarter　called　the　White　Castle；　and　to　a　number　of　auxiliaries。　This　was　the　sixth　satrapy。　　　　　The　Sattagydians；　the　Gandarians；　the　Dadicae；　and　the　Aparytae；　who　were　all　reckoned　together；　paid　a　tribute　of　a　hundred　and　seventy　talents。　This　was　the　seventh　satrapy。　　　　　Susa；　and　the　other　parts　of　Cissia；　paid　three　hundred　talents。　This　was　the　eighth　satrapy。　　　　　From　Babylonia；　and　the　rest　of　Assyria；　were　drawn　a　thousand　talents　of　silver；　and　five　hundred　boy…eunuchs。　This　was　the　ninth　satrapy。　　　　　Agbatana；　and　the　other　parts　of　Media；　together　with　the　Paricanians　and　Orthocorybantes；　paid　in　all　four　hundred　and　fifty　talents。　This　was　the　tenth　satrapy。　　　　　The　Caspians；　Pausicae；　Pantimathi；　and　Daritae；　were　joined　in　one　government；　and　paid　the　sum　of　two　hundred　talents。　This　was　the　eleventh　satrapy。　　　　　From　the　Bactrian　tribes　as　far　as　the　Aegli　the　tribute　received　was　three　hundred　and　sixty　talents。　This　was　the　twelfth　satrapy。　　　　　From　Pactyica；　Armenia；　and　the　countries　reaching　thence　to　the　Euxine；　the　sum　drawn　was　four　hundred　talents。　This　was　the　thirteenth　satrapy。　　　　　The　Sagartians；　Sarangians；　Thamanaeans；　Utians；　and　Mycians；　together　with　the　inhabitants　of　the　islands　in　the　Erythraean　sea；　where　the　king　sends　those　whom　he　banishes；　furnished　altogether　a　tribute　of　six　hundred　talents。　This　was　the　fourteenth　satrapy。　　　　　The　Sacans　and　Caspians　gave　two　hundred　and　fifty　talents。　This　was　the　fifteenth　satrapy。　　　　　The　Parthians；　Chorasmians；　Sogdians；　and　Arians；　gave　three　hundred。　This　was　the　sixteenth　satrapy。　　　　　The　Paricanians　and　Ethiopians　of　Asia　furnished　a　tribute　of　four　hundred　talents。　This　was　the　seventeenth　satrapy。　　　　　The　Matienians；　Saspeires；　and　Alarodians　were　rated　to　pay　two　hundred　talents。　This　was　the　eighteenth　satrapy。　　　　　The　Moschi；　Tibareni；　Macrones；　Mosynoeci；　and　Mares　had　to　pay　three　hundred　talents。　This　was　the　nineteenth　satrapy。　　　　　The　Indians；　who　are　more　numerous　than　any　other　nation　with　which　we　are　acquainted；　paid　a　tribute　exceeding　that　of　every　other　people；　to　wit；　three　hundred　and　sixty　talents　of　gold…dust。　This　was　the　twentieth　satrapy。　　　　　If　the　Babylonian　money　here　spoken　of　be　reduced　to　the　Euboic　scale；　it　will　make　nine　thousand　five　hundred　and　forty　such　talents；　and　if　the　gold　be　reckoned　at　thirteen　times　the　worth　of　silver；　the　Indian　gold…dust　will　come　to　four　thousand　six　hundred　and　eighty　talents。　Add　these　two　amounts　together　and　the　whole　revenue　which　came　in　to　Darius　year　by　year　will　be　found　to　be　in　Euboic　money　fourteen　thousand　five　hundred　and　sixty　talents；　not　to　mention　parts　of　a　talent。　　　　　Such　was　the　revenue　which　Darius　derived　from　Asia　and　a　small　part　of　Libya。　Later　in　his　reign　the　sum　was　increased　by　the　tribute　of　the　islands；　and　of　the　nations　of　Europe　as　far　as　Thessaly。　The　Great　King　stores　away　the　tribute　which　he　receives　after　this　fashion…　he　melts　it　down；　and；　while　it　is　in　a　liquid　state；　runs　it　into　earthen　vessels；　which　are　afterwards　removed；　leaving　the　metal　in　a　solid　mass。　When　money　is　wanted；　he　coins　as　much　of　this　bullion　as　the　occasion　requires。　　　　　Such　then　were　the　governments；　and　such　the　amounts　of　tribute　at　which　they　were　assessed　respectively。　Persia　alone　has　not　been　reckoned　among　the　tributaries…　and　for　this　reason；　because　the　country　of　the　Persians　is　altogether　exempt　from　tax。　The　following　peoples　paid　no　settled　tribute；　but　brought　gifts　to　the　king：　first；　the　Ethiopians　bordering　upon　Egypt；　who　were　reduced　by　Cambyses　when　he　made　war　on　the　long…lived　Ethiopians；　and　who　dwell　about　the　sacred　city　of　Nysa；　and　have　festivals　in　honour　of　Bacchus。　The　grain　on　which　they　and　their　next　neighbours　feed　is　the　same　as　that　used　by　the　Calantian　Indians。　Their　dwelling…houses　are　under　ground。　Every　third　year　these　two　nations　brought…　and　they　still　bring　to　my　day…　two　choenices　of　virgin　gold；　two　hundred　logs　of　ebony；　five　Ethiopian　boys；　and　twenty　elephant　tusks。　The　Colchians；　and　the　neighbouring　tribes　who　dwell　between　them　and　the　Caucasus…　for　so　far　the　Persian　rule　reaches；　while　north　of　the　Caucasus　no　one　fears　them　any　longer…　undertook　to　furnish　a　gift；　which　in　my　day　was　still　brought　every　fifth　year；　consisting　of　a　hundred　boys；　and　the　same　number　of　maidens。　The　Arabs　brought　every　year　a　thousand　talents　of　frankincense。　Such　were　the　gifts　which　the　king　received　over　and　above　the　tribute…money。　　　　　The　way　in　which　the　Indians　get　the　plentiful　supply　of　gold　which　enables　them　to　furnish　year　by　year　so　vast　an　amount　of　gold…dust　to　the　kind　is　the　following：…　eastward　of　India　lies　a　tract　which　is　entirely　sand。　Indeed　of　all　the　inhabitants　of　Asia；　concerning　whom　anything　certain　is　known；　the　Indians　dwell　the　nearest　to　the　east；　and　the　rising　of　the　sun。　Beyond　them　the　whole　country　is　desert　on　account　of　the　sand。　The　tribes　of　Indians　are　numerous；　and　do　not　all　speak　the　same　language…　some　are　wandering　tribes；　others　not。　They　who　dwell　in　the　marshes　along　the　river　live　on　raw　fish；　which　they　take　in　boats　made　of　reeds；　each　formed　out　of　a　single　joint。　These　Indians　wear　a　dress　of　sedge；　which　they　cut　in　the　river　and　bruise；　afterwards　they　weave　it　into　mats；　and　wear　it　as　we　wear　a　breast…plate。　　　　　Eastward　of　these　Indians　are　another　tribe；　called　Padaeans；　who　are　wanderers；　and　live　on　raw　flesh。　This　tribe　is　said　to　have　the　following　customs：…　If　one　of　their　number　be　ill；　man　or　woman；　they　take　the　sick　person；　and　if　he　be　a　man；　the　men　of　his　acquaintance　proceed　to　put　him　to　death；　because；　they　say；　his　flesh　would　be　spoilt　for　them　if　he　pined　and　wasted　away　with　sickness。　The　man　protests　he　is　not　ill　in　the　least；　but　his　friends　will　not　accept　his　denial…　in　spite　of　all　he　can　say；　they　kill　him；　and　feast　themselves　on　his　body。　So　also　if　a　woman　be　sick；　the　women；　who　are　her　friends；　take　her　and　do　with　her　exactly　the　same　as　the　men。　If　one　of　them　reaches　to　old　age；　about　which　there　is　seldom　any　question；　as　commonly　before　that　time　they　have　had　some　disease　or　other；　and　so　have　been　put　to　death…　but　if　a　man；　notwithstanding；　comes　to　be　old；　then　they　offer　him　in　sacrifice　to　their　gods；　and　afterwards　eat　his　flesh。　　　　　There　is　another　set　of　Indians　whose　customs　are　very　different。　They　refuse　to　put　any　live　animal　to　death；　they　sow　no　corn；　and　have　no　dwelling…houses。　Vegetables　are　their　only　food。　There　is　a　plant　which　grows　wild　in　their　country；　bearing　seed；　about　the　size　of　millet…seed；　in　a　calyx：　their　wont　is　to　gather　this　seed　and　having　boiled　it；　calyx　and　all；　to　use　it　for　food。　If　one　of　them　is　attacked　with　sickness；　he　goes　forth　into　the　wilderness；　and　lies　down　to　die；　no　one　has　the　least　concern　either　for　the　sick　or　for　the　dead。　　　　　All　the　tribes　which　I　have　mentioned　live　together　like　the　brute　beasts：　they　have　also　all　the　same　tint　of　skin；　which　approaches　that　of　the　Ethiopians。　Their　country　is　a　long　way　from　Persia　towards　the　south：　nor　had　king　Darius　ever　any　authority　over　them。　　　　　Besides　these；　there　are　Indians　of　another　tribe；　who　border　on　the　city　of　Caspatyrus；　and　the　country　of　Pactyica；　these　people　dwell　northward　of　all　the　rest　of　the　Indians；　and　follow　nearly　the　same　mode　of　life　as　the　Bactrians。　They　are　more　warlike　than　any　of　the　other　tribes；　and　from　them　the　men　are　sent　forth　who　go　to　procure　the　gold。　For　it　is　in　this　part　of　India　that　the　sandy　desert　lies。　Here；　in　this　desert；