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the origins of contemporary france-3-第53章

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undergo he opposes nothing but silence; sometimes a simple; frank;

good…hearted expression;'16' some kindly; touching complaining; which

seems like a suppressed moan。'17'  But dogmatic obstinacy and

impatient ambition are willfully deaf to the most sorrowful strains!

His sincerity passes for a new false…hood。 Vergniaud; Brissot; Torné;

Condorcet; in the tribune; charge him with treachery; demand from the

Assembly the right of suspending him;'18' and give the signal to their

Jacobin auxiliaries。  At the invitation of the parent club; the

provincial branches bestir themselves; while all other instruments of

agitation belonging to the revolutionary machine are likewise put in

motion;  gatherings on the public squares; homicidal announcements

on the walls; incendiary resolutions in the clubs; shouting in the

tribunes; insulting addresses and seditious deputations at the bar of

the National Assembly。'19' After the working of this system for a

month; the Girondists regard the King as subdued; and; on the 26th of

July; Guadet; and then Brissot; in the tribune; make their last

advances to him; and issue the final summons。'20'  A profound

delusion! He refuses; the same as on the 20th of June: 〃Girondist

ministers; Never!〃



Since he bars one of the two doors; they will pass out at the other;

and; if the Girondists cannot rule through him; they will rule without

him。 Pétion; in the name of the Commune; appears personally and

proposes a new plan; demanding the dethronement。 〃This important

measure once passed;〃'21' he says; 〃the confidence of the nation in

the actual dynasty being very doubtful; we demand that a body of

ministers; jointly responsible; appointed by the National Assembly;

but; as the constitutional law provides; outside of itself; elected by

the open vote of freemen;  be provisionally entrusted with the

executive power。〃 Through this open vote the suffrage will be easily

controlled。 This is but one more decree extorted; like so many others;

the majority for a long time having been subject to the same pressure

as the King。 〃If you refuse to respond to our wishes;〃 as a placard of

the 23rd of June had already informed them; 〃our hands are lifted; and

we shall strike all traitors wherever they can be found; even amongst

yourselves。〃'22'  〃Court favorites;〃 says a petition of August 6;

〃have seats in your midst。 Let their inviolability perish if the

national will must always tamely submit to that lethal power!〃  In

the Assembly the yells from the galleries are frightful; the voices of

those who speak against dethronement are overpowered; so great are the

hooting; the speakers are driven out of the tribune。'23' Sometimes the

〃Right〃 abandons the discussion and leaves the chamber。 The insolence

of the galleries goes so far that frequently almost the entire

Assembly murmurs while they applaud; the majority; in short; loudly

expresses anger at its bondage。'24'  Let it be careful!  In the

tribunes and at the approaches to the edifice; stand the Federates;

men who have a tight grip。 They will force it to vote the decisive

measure; the accusation of Lafayette; the decree under which the armed

champion of the King and the Constitution must fall。 The Girondists;

to make sure of it; exact a call of the house; in this way the names

are announced and printed; thus designating to the populace the

opponents of the measure; so that none of them are sure of getting to

their homes safe and sound。  Lafayette; however; a liberal; a

democrat; and a royalist; as devoted to the Revolution as to the Law;

is just the man; who; through his limited mental grasp; his

disconnected political conceptions; and the nobleness of his

contradictory sentiments; best represents the present opinion of the

Assembly; as well as that of France。'25'  Moreover; his popularity;

his courage; and his army are the last refuge。  The majority feels

that in giving him up they themselves are given up; and; by a vote of

400 to 224; it acquits him。  On this side; again; the strategy of

the Girondists is found erroneous。  Power slips away from them the

second time。  Neither the King nor the Assembly have consented to

restore it to them; while they can no longer leave it suspended in the

air; or defer it until a better opportunity; and keep their Jacobin

acolytes waiting。  The feeble leash restraining the revolutionary dog

breaks in their hands; the dog is free and in the street







III。



The Girondins have worked for the benefit of the Jacobins。   The

armed force sent away or disorganized。  The Federates summoned。 

Brest and Marseilles send men。   Public sessions of administrative

bodies。   Permanence of administrative bodies and of the sections。 …

…  Effect of these two measures。  The central bureau of the H?tel…

de…ville。   Origin and formation of the revolutionary Commune。



Never was better work done for another。 Every measure relied on by

them for getting power back; serves only to place it in the hands of

the mob。  On the one hand; through a series of legislative acts and

municipal ordinances; they have set aside or disbanded the army; alone

capable of repressing or intimidating it。 On the 29th of May they

dismissed the king's guard。 On the 15th of July they ordered away from

Paris all regular troops。 On the 16th of July;'26'  they select 〃 for

the formation of a body of infantry…gendarmerie; the former French…

guardsmen who served in the Revolution about the epoch of the 1st day

of June; 1789; the officers; under…officers; gunners; and soldiers who

gathered around the flag of liberty after the 12th of July of that

year;〃 that is to say; a body of recognized insurgents and deserters。

On the 6th of July; in all towns of 50;000 souls and over; they strike

down the National Guard by discharging its staff; 〃an aristocratic

corporation;〃 says a petition;'27' 〃a sort of modern feudality

composed of traitors; who seem to have formed a plan for directing

public opinion as they please。〃 Early in August;'28' they strike into

the heart of the National Guard by suppressing special companies;

grenadiers; and chasseurs; recruited amongst well…to…do…people; the

genuine elite; stripped of its uniform; reduced to equality; lost in

the mass; and now; moreover; finding its 'ranks degraded by a mixture

of interlopers; federates; and men armed with pikes。 Finally; to

complete the pell…mell; they order that the palace guard be hereafter

composed daily of citizens taken from the sixty battalions;'29' so

that the chiefs may no longer know their men nor the men their chiefs;

so that no one may place confidence in his chief; in his subordinate;

in his neighbor; or in himself; so that all the stones of the human

dike may be loosened beforehand; and the barrier crumble at the first

onslaught。   On the other hand; they have taken care to provide the

insurrection with a fighting army and an advanced guard。 By another

series of legislative acts and municipal ordinances; they authorize

the assemblage of the Federates at Paris; they allow them pay and

military lodgings;'30' they allow them to organize under a central

committee sitting at the Jacobin club; and to take their instructions

from that club。 Of these new…comers; two…thirds; genuine soldiers and

true patriots; set out for the camp at Soissons and for the frontier;

one…third of them; however; remain at Paris;'31' perhaps 2;000; the

rioters and politicians; who; feasted; entertained; indoctrinated; and

each lodged with a Jacobin; become more Jacobin than their hosts; and

incorporate themselves with the revolutionary battalions; so as to

serve the good cause with their guns。'32'  Two squads; late comers;

remain separate; and are only the more formidable; both are dispatched

by the towns on the sea…cost in which; four months before this;

〃twenty…one capital acts of insurrection had occurred; all unpunished;

and several under sentence of the maritime jury。〃'33'  The first;

numbering 300 men; comes from Brest;



* where the municipality; as infatuated as those of Marseilles and

Avignon; engages in armed expeditions against its neighbors; where

popular murder is tolerated;



* where M。 de la Jaille is nearly killed ;



* where the head of M。 de la Patry is borne on a pike;



* where veteran rioters compose the crews of the fleet;



* where 〃workers paid by the State; clerks; masters; non…commission

officers; converted into agitators; political stump…speakers; movers;

and critics of the administration;〃 ask only to be given roles to

perform on a more conspicuous stage。



The second troop; summoned from Marseilles by the Girondins; Rebecqui;

and Barbaroux;'34' comprises 516 men; intrepid; ferocious adventurers;

from everywhere; either Marseilles or abroad; Savoyards; Italians;

Spaniards; driven out of their country; almost all of the vilest

class; or gaining a livelihood by infamous pursuits; 〃hit…men and

their henchmen of evil haunts;〃 used t
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