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es to men who keep these private asylums or set traps for passing souls； it is their profession； and in the exercise of it they are actuated by no harsh or unkindly feelings。 But there are also wretches who from pure spite or for the sake of lucre set and bait traps with the deliberate purpose of catching the soul of a particular man； and in the bottom of the pot； hidden by the bait； are knives and sharp hooks which tear and rend the poor soul； either killing it outright or mauling it so as to impair the health of its owner when it succeeds in escaping and returning to him。 Miss Kingsley knew a Kruman who became very anxious about his soul； because for several nights he had smelt in his dreams the savoury smell of smoked crawfish seasoned with red pepper。 Clearly some ill…wisher had set a trap baited with this dainty for his dream…soul； intending to do him grievous bodily； or rather spiritual； harm； and for the next few nights great pains were taken to keep his soul from straying abroad in his sleep。 In the sweltering heat of the tropical night he lay sweating and snorting under a blanket； his nose and mouth tied up with a handkerchief to prevent the escape of his precious soul。 In Hawaii there were sorcerers who caught souls of living people； shut them up in calabashes； and gave them to people to eat。 By squeezing a captured soul in their hands they discovered the place where people had been secretly buried。
Nowhere perhaps is the art of abducting human souls more carefully cultivated or carried to higher perfection than in the Malay Peninsula。 Here the methods by which the wizard works his will are various； and so too are his motives。 Sometimes he desires to destroy an enemy； sometimes to win the love of a cold or bashful beauty。 Thus； to take an instance of the latter sort of charm； the following are the directions given for securing the soul of one whom you wish to render distraught。 When the moon； just risen； looks red above the eastern horizon； go out； and standing in the moonlight； with the big toe of your right foot on the big toe of your left； make a speaking…trumpet of your right hand and recite through it the following words：
OM。 I loose my shaft； I loose it and the moon clouds over； I loose it； and the sun is extinguished。 I loose it； and the stars burn dim。 But it is not the sun； moon； and stars that I shoot at； It is the stalk of the heart of that child of the congregation；
So…and…so。 Cluck！ cluck！ soul of So…and…so； come and walk with me； Come and sit with me； Come and sleep and share my pillow。 Cluck！ cluck！ soul。
Repeat this thrice and after every repetition blow through your hollow fist。 Or you may catch the soul in your turban； thus。 Go out on the night of the full moon and the two succeeding nights； sit down on an ant…hill facing the moon； burn incense； and recite the following incantation：
I bring you a betel leaf to chew； Dab the lime on to it； Prince Ferocious； For Somebody； Prince Distraction's daughter； to chew。 Somebody at sunrise be distraught for love of me Somebody at sunset be distraught for love of me。 As you remember your parents； remember me； As you remember your house and houseladder； remember me； When thunder rumbles； remember me； When wind whistles； remember me； When the heavens rain； remember me； When cocks crow； remember me； When the dial…bird tells its tales； remember me； When you look up at the sun； remember me； When you look up at the moon； remember me； For in that self…same moon I am there。 Cluck！ cluck！ soul of Somebody come hither to me。 I do not mean to let you have my soul； Let your soul come hither to mine。
Now wave the end of your turban towards the moon seven times each night。 Go home and put it under your pillow； and if you want to wear it in the daytime； burn incense and say； It is not a turban that I carry in my girdle； but the soul of Somebody。
The Indians of the Nass River； in British Columbia； are impressed with a belief that a physician may swallow his patient's soul by mistake。 A doctor who is believed to have done so is made by the other members of the faculty to stand over the patient； while one of them thrusts his fingers down the doctor's throat； another kneads him in the stomach with his knuckles； and a third slaps him on the back。 If the soul is not in him after all； and if the same process has been repeated upon all the medical men without success； it is concluded that the soul must be in the head…doctor's box。 A party of doctors； therefore； waits upon him at his house and requests him to produce his box。 When he has done so and arranged its contents on a new mat； they take the votary of Aesculapius and hold him up by the heels with his head in a hole in the floor。 In this position they wash his head； and any water remaining from the ablution is taken and poured upon the sick man's head。 No doubt the lost soul is in the water。
3。 The Soul as a Shadow and a Reflection
BUT the spiritual dangers I have enumerated are not the only ones which beset the savage。 Often he regards his shadow or reflection as his soul； or at all events as a vital part of himself； and as such it is necessarily a source of danger to him。 For if it is trampled upon； struck； or stabbed； he will feel the injury as if it were done to his person； and if it is detached from him entirely （as he believes that it may be） he will die。 In the island of Wetar there are magicians who can make a man ill by stabbing his shadow with a pike or hacking it with a sword。 After Sankara had destroyed the Buddhists in India； it is said that he journeyed to Nepaul； where he had some difference of opinion with the Grand Lama。 To prove his supernatural powers； he soared into the air。 But as he mounted up the Grand Lama； perceiving his shadow swaying and wavering on the ground； struck his knife into it and down fell Sankara and broke his neck。
In the Banks Islands there are some stones of a remarkably long shape which go by the name of eating ghosts； because certain powerful and dangerous ghosts are believed to lodge in them。 If a man's shadow falls on one of these stones； the ghost will draw his soul out from him； so that he will die。 Such stones； therefore； are set in a house to guard it； and a messenger sent to a house by the absent owner will call out the name of the sender； lest the watchful ghost in the stone should fancy that he came with evil intent and should do him a mischief。 At a funeral in China； when the lid is about to be placed on the coffin； most of the bystanders； with the exception of the nearest kin； retire a few steps or even retreat to another room； for a person's health is believed to be endangered by allowing his shadow to be enclosed in a coffin。 And when the coffin is about to be lowered into the grave most of the spectators recoil to a little distance lest their shadows should fall into the grave and harm should thus be done to their persons。 The geomancer and his assistants stand on the side of the grave which is turned away from the sun； and the grave…diggers and coffin…bearers attach their shadows firmly to their persons by tying a strip of cloth tightly round their waists。 Nor is it human beings alone who are thus liable to be injured by means of their shadows。 Animals are to some extent in the same predicament。 A small snail； which frequents the neighbourhood of the limestone hills in Perak； is believed to suck the blood of cattle through their shadows； hence the beasts grow lean and sometimes die from loss of blood。 The ancients supposed that in Arabia； if a hyaena trod on a man's shadow； it deprived him of the power of speech and motion； and that if a dog； standing on a roof in the moonlight； cast a shadow on the ground and a hyaena trod on it； the dog would fall down as if dragged with a rope。 Clearly in these cases the shadow； if not equivalent to the soul； is at least regarded as a living part of the man or the animal； so that injury done to the shadow is felt by the person or animal as if it were done to his body。
Conversely； if the shadow is a vital part of a man or an animal； it may under certain circumstances be as hazardous to be touched by it as it would be to come into contact with the person or animal。 Hence the savage makes it a rule to shun the shadow of certain persons whom for various reasons he regards as sources of dangerous influence。 Amongst the dangerous classes he commonly ranks mourners and women in general； but especially his mother…in…law。 The Shuswap Indians think that the shadow of a mourner falling upon a person would make him sick。 Amongst the Kurnai of Victoria novices at initiation were cautioned not to let a woman's shadow fall across them； as this would make them thin； lazy； and stupid。 An Australian native is said to have once nearly died of fright because the shadow of his mother…in…law fell on his legs as he lay asleep under a tree。 The awe and dread with which the untutored savage contemplates his mother…in…law are amongst the most familiar facts of anthropology。 In the Yuin tribes of New South Wales the rule which forbade a man to hold any communication with his wife's mother was very strict。 He might not look at her or even in her direction。 It was a ground of divorce if his shadow happened to fall on his mother…in…law： in that