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tern and Southern Africa； where often for months together the pitiless sun beats down out of a blue and cloudless sky on the parched and gaping earth。 They are； or used to be； common enough among outwardly civilised folk in the moister climate of Europe。 I will now illustrate them by instances drawn from the practice both of public and private magic。
Thus； for example； in a village near Dorpat； in Russia； when rain was much wanted； three men used to climb up the fir…trees of an old sacred grove。 One of them drummed with a hammer on a kettle or small cask to imitate thunder； the second knocked two fire…brands together and made the sparks fly； to imitate lightning； and the third； who was called the rain…maker； had a bunch of twigs with which he sprinkled water from a vessel on all sides。 To put an end to drought and bring down rain； women and girls of the village of Ploska are wont to go naked by night to the boundaries of the village and there pour water on the ground。 In Halmahera； or Gilolo； a large island to the west of New Guinea； a wizard makes rain by dipping a branch of a particular kind of tree in water and then scattering the moisture from the dripping bough over the ground。 In New Britain the rain…maker wraps some leaves of a red and green striped creeper in a banana…leaf； moistens the bundle with water； and buries it in the ground； then he imitates with his mouth the plashing of rain。 Amongst the Omaha Indians of North America； when the corn is withering for want of rain； the members of the sacred Buffalo Society fill a large vessel with water and dance four times round it。 One of them drinks some of the water and spirts it into the air； making a fine spray in imitation of a mist or drizzling rain。 Then he upsets the vessel； spilling the water on the ground； whereupon the dancers fall down and drink up the water； getting mud all over their faces。 Lastly； they squirt the water into the air； making a fine mist。 This saves the corn。 In spring…time the Natchez of North America used to club together to purchase favourable weather for their crops from the wizards。 If rain was needed； the wizards fasted and danced with pipes full of water in their mouths。 The pipes were perforated like the nozzle of a watering…can； and through the holes the rain…maker blew the water towards that part of the sky where the clouds hung heaviest。 But if fine weather was wanted； he mounted the roof of his hut； and with extended arms； blowing with all his might； he beckoned to the clouds to pass by。 When the rains do not come in due season the people of Central Angoniland repair to what is called the rain…temple。 Here they clear away the grass； and the leader pours beer into a pot which is buried in the ground； while he says； Master Chauta； you have hardened your heart towards us； what would you have us do？ We must perish indeed。 Give your children the rains； there is the beer we have given you。 Then they all partake of the beer that is left over； even the children being made to sip it。 Next they take branches of trees and dance and sing for rain。 When they return to the village they find a vessel of water set at the doorway by an old woman； so they dip their branches in it and wave them aloft； so as to scatter the drops。 After that the rain is sure to come driving up in heavy clouds。 In these practices we see a combination of religion with magic； for while the scattering of the water…drops by means of branches is a purely magical ceremony； the prayer for rain and the offering of beer are purely religious rites。 In the Mara tribe of Northern Australia the rain…maker goes to a pool and sings over it his magic song。 Then he takes some of the water in his hands； drinks it； and spits it out in various directions。 After that he throws water all over himself； scatters it about； and returns quietly to the camp。 Rain is supposed to follow。 The Arab historian Makrizi describes a method of stopping rain which is said to have been resorted to by a tribe of nomads called Alqamar in Hadramaut。 They cut a branch from a certain tree in the desert； set it on fire； and then sprinkled the burning brand with water。 After that the vehemence of the rain abated； just as the water vanished when it fell on the glowing brand。 Some of the Eastern Angamis of Manipur are said to perform a some…what similar ceremony for the opposite purpose； in order； namely； to produce rain。 The head of the village puts a burning brand on the grave of a man who has died of burns； and quenches the brand with water； while he prays that rain may fall。 Here the putting out the fire with water； which is an imitation of rain； is reinforced by the influence of the dead man； who； having been burnt to death； will naturally be anxious for the descent of rain to cool his scorched body and assuage his pangs。
Other people besides the Arabs have used fire as a means of stopping rain。 Thus the Sulka of New Britain heat stones red hot in the fire and then put them out in the rain； or they throw hot ashes in the air。 They think that the rain will soon cease to fall； for it does not like to be burned by the hot stones or ashes。 The Telugus send a little girl out naked into the rain with a burning piece of wood in her hand； which she has to show to the rain。 That is supposed to stop the downpour。 At Port Stevens in New South Wales the medicine…men used to drive away rain by throwing fire…sticks into the air； while at the same time they puffed and shouted。 Any man of the Anula tribe in Northern Australia can stop rain by simply warming a green stick in the fire； and then striking it against the wind。
In time of severe drought the Dieri of Central Australia； loudly lamenting the impoverished state of the country and their own half…starved condition； call upon the spirits of their remote predecessors； whom they call Mura…muras； to grant them power to make a heavy rain…fall。 For they believe that the clouds are bodies in which rain is generated by their own ceremonies or those of neighbouring tribes； through the influence of the Mura…muras。 The way in which they set about drawing rain from the clouds is this。 A hole is dug about twelve feet long and eight or ten broad； and over this hole a conical hut of logs and branches is made。 Two wizards； supposed to have received a special inspiration from the Mura…muras； are bled by an old and influential man with a sharp flint； and the blood； drawn from their arms below the elbow； is made to flow on the other men of the tribe； who sit huddled together in the hut。 At the same time the two bleeding men throw handfuls of down about； some of which adheres to the blood…stained bodies of their comrades； while the rest floats in the air。 The blood is thought to represent the rain； and the down the clouds。 During the ceremony two large stones are placed in the middle of the hut； they stand for gathering clouds and presage rain。 Then the wizards who were bled carry away the two stones for about ten or fifteen miles； and place them as high as they can in the tallest tree。 Meanwhile the other men gather gypsum； pound it fine； and throw it into a water…hole。 This the Mura…muras see； and at once they cause clouds to appear in the sky。 Lastly； the men； young and old； surround the hut； and； stooping down； butt at it with their heads； like so many rams。 Thus they force their way through it and reappear on the other side； repeating the process till the hut is wrecked。 In doing this they are forbidden to use their hands or arms； but when the heavy logs alone remain； they are allowed to pull them out with their hands。 The piercing of the hut with their heads symbolises the piercing of the clouds； the fall of the hut； the fall of the rain。 Obviously； too； the act of placing high up in trees the two stones； which stand for clouds； is a way of making the real clouds to mount up in the sky。 The Dieri also imagine that the foreskins taken from lads at circumcision have a great power of producing rain。 Hence the Great Council of the tribe always keeps a small stock of foreskins ready for use。 They are carefully concealed； being wrapt up in feathers with the fat of the wild dog and of the carpet snake。 A woman may not see such a parcel opened on any account。 When the ceremony is over； the foreskin is buried； its virtue being exhausted。 After the rains have fallen； some of the tribe always undergo a surgical operation； which consists in cutting the skin of their chest and arms with a sharp flint。 The wound is then tapped with a flat stick to increase the flow of blood； and red ochre is rubbed into it。 Raised scars are thus produced。 The reason alleged by the natives for this practice is that they are pleased with the rain； and that there is a connexion between the rain and the scars。 Apparently the operation is not very painful； for the patient laughs and jokes while it is going on。 Indeed； little children have been seen to crowd round the operator and patiently take their turn； then after being operated on； they ran away； expanding their little chests and singing for the rain to beat upon them。 However； they were not so well pleased next day； when they felt their wounds stiff and sore。 In Java； when rain is wanted； two men will sometimes thrash each other with supple rods till the blood flows down th