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it used to be the custom to cut down two trees； plant them in the ground side by side； and pile twelve tar…barrels against each。 Brush…wood was then heaped about the trees； and on the evening of Easter Saturday the boys； after rushing about with blazing bean…poles in their hands； set fire to the whole。 At the end of the ceremony the urchins tried to blacken each other and the clothes of grown…up people。 In the Altmark it is believed that as far as the blaze of the Easter bonfire is visible； the corn will grow well throughout the year； and no conflagration will break out。 At Braunr？de； in the Harz Mountains； it was the custom to burn squirrels in the Easter bonfire。 In the Altmark； bones were burned in it。
Near Forchheim； in Upper Franken； a straw…man called the Judas used to be burned in the churchyards on Easter Saturday。 The whole village contributed wood to the pyre on which he perished； and the charred sticks were afterwards kept and planted in the fields on Walpurgis Day （the first of May） to preserve the wheat from blight and mildew。 About a hundred years ago or more the custom
at Althenneberg； in Upper Bavaria； used to be as follows。 On the afternoon of Easter Saturday the lads collected wood； which they piled in a cornfield； while in the middle of the pile they set up a tall wooden cross all swathed in straw。 After the evening service they lighted their lanterns at the consecrated candle in the church； and ran with them at full speed to the pyre； each striving to get there first。 The first to arrive set fire to the heap。 No woman or girl might come near the bonfire； but they were allowed to watch it from a distance。 As the flames rose the men and lads rejoiced and made merry； shouting； We are burning the Judas！ The man who had been the first to reach the pyre and to kindle it was rewarded on Easter Sunday by the women； who gave him coloured eggs at the church door。 The object of the whole ceremony was to keep off the hail。 At other villages of Upper Bavaria the ceremony； which took place between nine and ten at night on Easter Saturday； was called burning the Easter Man。 On a height about a mile from the village the young fellows set up a tall cross enveloped in straw； so that it looked like a man with his arms stretched out。 This was the Easter Man。 No lad under eighteen years of age might take part in the ceremony。 One of the young men stationed himself beside the Easter Man； holding in his hand a consecrated taper which he had brought from the church and lighted。 The rest stood at equal intervals in a great circle round the cross。 At a given signal they raced thrice round the circle； and then at a second signal ran straight at the cross and at the lad with the lighted taper beside it； the one who reached the goal first had the right of setting fire to the Easter Man。 Great was the jubilation while he was burning。 When he had been consumed in the flames； three lads were chosen from among the rest； and each of the three drew a circle on the ground with a stick thrice round the ashes。 Then they all left the spot。 On Easter Monday the villagers gathered the ashes and strewed them on their fields； also they planted in the fields palmbranches which had been consecrated on Palm Sunday； and sticks which had been charred and hallowed on Good Friday； all for the purpose of protecting their fields against showers of hail。 In some parts of Swabia the Easter fires might not be kindled with iron or steel or flint； but only by the friction of wood。
The custom of the Easter fires appears to have prevailed all over Central and Western Germany from north to south。 We find it also in Holland； where the fires were kindled on the highest eminences； and the people danced round them and leaped through the flames or over the glowing embers。 Here too； as often in Germany； the materials for the bonfire were collected by the young folk from door to door。 In many parts of Sweden firearms are discharged in all directions on Easter Eve； and huge bonfires are lighted on hills and eminences。 Some people think that the intention is to keep off the Troll and other evil spirits who are especially active at this season。
4。 The Beltane Fires
IN THE CENTRAL Highlands of Scotland bonfires； known as the Beltane fires； were formerly kindled with great ceremony on the first of May； and the traces of human sacrifices at them were particularly clear and unequivocal。 The custom of lighting the bonfires lasted in various places far into the eighteenth century； and the descriptions of the ceremony by writers of that period present such a curious and interesting picture of ancient heathendom surviving in our own country that I will reproduce them in the words of their authors。 The fullest of the descriptions is the one bequeathed to us by John Ramsay； laird of Ochtertyre； near Crieff； the patron of Burns and the friend of Sir Walter Scott。 He says： But the most considerable of the Druidical festivals is that of Beltane； or May…day； which was lately observed in some parts of the Highlands with extraordinary ceremonies。 Like the other public worship of the Druids； the Beltane feast seems to have been performed on hills or eminences。 They thought it degrading to him whose temple is the universe； to suppose that he would dwell in any house made with hands。 Their sacrifices were therefore offered in the open air； frequently upon the tops of hills； where they were presented with the grandest views of nature； and were nearest the seat of warmth and order。 And； according to tradition； such was the manner of celebrating this festival in the Highlands within the last hundred years。 But since the decline of superstition； it has been celebrated by the people of each hamlet on some hill or rising ground around which their cattle were pasturing。 Thither the young folks repaired in the morning； and cut a trench； on the summit of which a seat of turf was formed for the company。 And in the middle a pile of wood or other fuel was placed； which of old they kindled with tein…eigini。e。； forced…fire or need…fire。 Although； for many years past； they have been contented with common fire； yet we shall now describe the process； because it will hereafter appear that recourse is still had to the tein…eigin upon extraordinary emergencies。
The night before； all the fires in the country were carefully extinguished； and next morning the materials for exciting this sacred fire were prepared。 The most primitive method seems to be that which was used in the islands of Skye； Mull； and Tiree。 A well…seasoned plank of oak was procured； in the midst of which a hole was bored。 A wimble of the same timber was then applied； the end of which they fitted to the hole。 But in some parts of the mainland the machinery was different。 They used a frame of green wood； of a square form； in the centre of which was an axle…tree。 In some places three times three persons； in others three times nine； were required for turning round by turns the axle…tree or wimble。 If any of them had been guilty of murder； adultery； theft； or other atrocious crime； it was imagined either that the fire would not kindle； or that it would be devoid of its usual virtue。 So soon as any sparks were emitted by means of the violent friction； they applied a species of agaric which grows on old birch…trees； and is very combustible。 This fire had the appearance of being immediately derived from heaven； and manifold were the virtues ascribed to it。 They esteemed it a preservative against witch…craft； and a sovereign remedy against malignant diseases； both in the human species and in cattle； and by it the strongest poisons were supposed to have their nature changed。
After kindling the bonfire with the tein…eigin the company prepared their victuals。 And as soon as they had finished their meal； they amused themselves a while in singing and dancing round the fire。 Towards the close of the entertainment； the person who officiated as master of the feast produced a large cake baked with eggs and scalloped round the edge； called am bonnach bea…tinei。e。； the Beltane cake。 It was divided into a number of pieces； and distributed in great form to the company。 There was one particular piece which whoever got was called cailleach beal…tine i。e。； the Beltane carline； a term of great reproach。 Upon his being known； part of the company laid hold of him and made a show of putting him into the fire； but the majority interposing； he was rescued。 And in some places they laid him flat on the ground； making as if they would quarter him。 Afterwards； he was pelted with egg…shells； and retained the odious appellation during the whole year。 And while the feast was fresh in people's memory； they affected to speak of the cailleach beal…tine as dead。
In the parish of Callander； a beautiful district of Western Perthshire； the Beltane custom was still in vogue towards the end of the eighteenth century。 It has been described as follows by the parish minister of the time： Upon the first day of May； which is called Beltan； or Baltein day； all the boys in a township or hamlet； meet in the moors。 They cut a table in the green sod； of a round figure； by casting a trench in the ground； of such circumference as to hold the whole company。 They kindle a fire； and dress a repa