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puberty； and the Macusis imagine that； if a young woman were to transgress the rules； she would suffer from sores on various parts of her body。 In short； the girl is viewed as charged with a powerful force which； if not kept within bounds； may prove destructive both to herself and to all with whom she comes in contact。 To repress this force within the limits necessary for the safety of all concerned is the object of the taboos in question。
The same explanation applies to the observance of the same rules by divine kings and priests。 The uncleanness； as it is called； of girls at puberty and the sanctity of holy men do not； to the primitive mind； differ materially from each other。 They are only different manifestations of the same mysterious energy which； like energy in general； is in itself neither good nor bad； but becomes beneficent or maleficent according to its application。 Accordingly； if； like girls at puberty； divine personages may neither touch the ground nor see the sun； the reason is； on the one hand； a fear lest their divinity might； at contact with earth or heaven； discharge itself with fatal violence on either； and； on the other hand； an apprehension that the divine being； thus drained of his ethereal virtue； might thereby be incapacitated for the future performance of those magical functions； upon the proper discharge of which the safety of the people and even of the world is believed to hang。 Thus the rules in question fall under the head of the taboos which we examined in an earlier part of this book； they are intended to preserve the life of the divine person and with it the life of his subjects and worshippers。 Nowhere； it is thought； can his precious yet dangerous life be at once so safe and so harmless as when it is neither in heaven nor in earth； but； as far as possible； suspended between the two。
Chapter 61。 The Myth of Balder
A DEITY whose life might in a sense be said to be neither in heaven nor on earth but between the two； was the Norse Balder； the good and beautiful god； the son of the great god Odin； and himself the wisest； mildest； best beloved of all the immortals。 The story of his death； as it is told in the younger or prose Edda； runs thus。 Once on a time Balder dreamed heavy dreams which seemed to forebode his death。 Thereupon the gods held a council and resolved to make him secure against every danger。 So the goddess Frigg took an oath from fire and water； iron and all metals； stones and earth； from trees； sicknesses and poisons； and from all four…footed beasts； birds； and creeping things； that they would not hurt Balder。 When this was done Balder was deemed invulnerable； so the gods amused themselves by setting him in their midst； while some shot at him； others hewed at him； and others threw stones at him。 But whatever they did； nothing could hurt him； and at this they were all glad。 Only Loki； the mischief…maker； was displeased； and he went in the guise of an old woman to Frigg； who told him that the weapons of the gods could not wound Balder； since she had made them all swear not to hurt him。 Then Loki asked； Have all things sworn to spare Balder？ She answered； East of Walhalla grows a plant called mistletoe； it seemed to me too young to swear。 So Loki went and pulled the mistletoe and took it to the assembly of the gods。 There he found the blind god Hother standing at the outside of the circle。 Loki asked him； Why do you not shoot at Balder？ Hother answered； Because I do not see where he stands； besides I have no weapon。 Then said Loki； Do like the rest and show Balder honour； as they all do。 I will show you where he stands； and do you shoot at him with this twig。 Hother took the mistletoe and threw it at Balder； as Loki directed him。 The mistletoe struck Balder and pierced him through and through； and he fell down dead。 And that was the greatest misfortune that ever befell gods and men。 For a while the gods stood speechless； then they lifted up their voices and wept bitterly。 They took Balder's body and brought it to the sea…shore。 There stood Balder's ship； it was called Ringhorn； and was the hugest of all ships。 The gods wished to launch the ship and to burn Balder's body on it； but the ship would not stir。 So they sent for a giantess called Hyrrockin。 She came riding on a wolf and gave the ship such a push that fire flashed from the rollers and all the earth shook。 Then Balder's body was taken and placed on the funeral pile upon his ship。 When his wife Nanna saw that； her heart burst for sorrow and she died。 So she was laid on the funeral pile with her husband； and fire was put to it。 Balder's horse； too； with all its trappings； was burned on the pile。
Whether he was a real or merely a mythical personage； Balder was worshipped in Norway。 On one of the bays of the beautiful Sogne Fiord； which penetrates far into the depths of the solemn Norwegian mountains； with their sombre pine…forests and their lofty cascades dissolving into spray before they reach the dark water of the fiord far below； Balder had a great sanctuary。 It was called Balder's Grove。 A palisade enclosed the hallowed ground； and within it stood a spacious temple with the images of many gods； but none of them was worshipped with such devotion as Balder。 So great was the awe with which the heathen regarded the place that no man might harm another there； nor steal his cattle； nor defile himself with women。 But women cared for the images of the gods in the temple； they warmed them at the fire； anointed them with oil； and dried them with cloths。
Whatever may be thought of an historical kernel underlying a mythical husk in the legend of Balder； the details of the story suggest that it belongs to that class of myths which have been dramatised an ritual； or； to put it otherwise； which have been performed as magical ceremonies for the sake of producing those natural effects which they describe in figurative language。 A myth is never so graphic and precise in its details as when it is； so to speak； the book of the words which are spoken and acted by the performers of the sacred rite。 That the Norse story of Balder was a myth of this sort will become probable if we can prove that ceremonies resembling the incidents in the tale have been performed by Norsemen and other European peoples。 Now the main incidents in the tale are twofirst； the pulling of the mistletoe； and second； the death and burning of the god； and both of them may perhaps be found to have had their counterparts in yearly rites observed； whether separately or conjointly； by people in various parts of Europe。 These rites will be described and discussed in the following chapters。 We shall begin with the annual festivals of fire and shall reserve the pulling of the mistletoe for consideration later on。
Chapter 62。 The Fire…Festivals of Europe。
1。 The Fire…festivals in general
ALL over Europe the peasants have been accustomed from time immemorial to kindle bonfires on certain days of the year； and to dance round or leap over them。 Customs of this kind can be traced back on historical evidence to the Middle Ages； and their analogy to similar customs observed in antiquity goes with strong internal evidence to prove that their origin must be sought in a period long prior to the spread of Christianity。 Indeed the earliest proof of their observance in Northern Europe is furnished by the attempts made by Christian synods in the eighth century to put them down as heathenish rites。 Not uncommonly effigies are burned in these fires； or a pretence is made of burning a living person in them； and there are grounds for believing that anciently human beings were actually burned on these occasions。 A brief view of the customs in question will bring out the traces of human sacrifice； and will serve at the same time to throw light on their meaning。
The seasons of the year when these bonfires are most commonly lit are spring and midsummer； but in some places they are kindled also at the end of autumn or during the course of the winter； particularly on Hallow E'en （the thirty…first of October）； Christmas Day； and the Eve of Twelfth Day。 Space forbids me to describe all these festivals at length； a few specimens must serve to illustrate their general character。 We shall begin with the fire…festivals of spring； which usually fall on the first Sunday of Lent （Quadragesima or Invocavit）； Easter Eve； and May Day。
2。 The Lenten Fires
THE CUSTOM of kindling bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent has prevailed in Belgium； the north of France； and many parts of Germany。 Thus in the Belgian Ardennes for a week or a fortnight before the day of the great fire； as it is called； children go about from farm to farm collecting fuel。 At Grand Halleux any one who refuses their request is pursued next day by the children； who try to blacken his face with the ashes of the extinct fire。 When the day has come； they cut down bushes； especially juniper and broom； and in the evening great bonfires blaze on all the heights。 It is a common saying that seven bonfires should be seen if the village is to be safe from conflagrations。 If the Meuse happens to be frozen hard at the time； bonfires are lit also on the ice。 At Grand Halleux they set up a pole called makral； or the witch； in the midst of the pil