ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡ÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì·¢ÏÖÈκδíÎóÇë¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ð»Ð»£¡£¡ ±¨¸æ´íÎó
¾ÅÉ«Êé¼® ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ½øÈëÊé°É ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©

the golden bough-µÚ126ÕÂ

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



y¡¡should¡¡be¡¡worshipped¡¡as¡¡gods¡¡in¡¡common¡¡by¡¡all¡¡the¡¡Egyptians£»¡¡since¡¡these¡¡animals¡¡above¡¡all¡¡others¡¡had¡¡helped¡¡the¡¡discoverers¡¡of¡¡corn¡¡in¡¡sowing¡¡the¡¡seed¡¡and¡¡procuring¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡benefits¡¡of¡¡agriculture¡£

Such¡¡is¡¡the¡¡myth¡¡or¡¡legend¡¡of¡¡Osiris£»¡¡as¡¡told¡¡by¡¡Greek¡¡writers¡¡and¡¡eked¡¡out¡¡by¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡fragmentary¡¡notices¡¡or¡¡allusions¡¡in¡¡native¡¡Egyptian¡¡literature¡£¡¡A¡¡long¡¡inscription¡¡in¡¡the¡¡temple¡¡at¡¡Denderah¡¡has¡¡preserved¡¡a¡¡list¡¡of¡¡the¡¡god's¡¡graves£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡texts¡¡mention¡¡the¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡his¡¡body¡¡which¡¡were¡¡treasured¡¡as¡¡holy¡¡relics¡¡in¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sanctuaries¡£¡¡Thus¡¡his¡¡heart¡¡was¡¡at¡¡Athribis£»¡¡his¡¡backbone¡¡at¡¡Busiris£»¡¡his¡¡neck¡¡at¡¡Letopolis£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡head¡¡at¡¡Memphis¡£¡¡As¡¡often¡¡happens¡¡in¡¡such¡¡cases£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡his¡¡divine¡¡limbs¡¡were¡¡miraculously¡¡multiplied¡£¡¡His¡¡head£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡was¡¡at¡¡Abydos¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡at¡¡Memphis£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡legs£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡remarkably¡¡numerous£»¡¡would¡¡have¡¡sufficed¡¡for¡¡several¡¡ordinary¡¡mortals¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡respect£»¡¡however£»¡¡Osiris¡¡was¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡St¡£¡¡Denys£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡no¡¡less¡¡than¡¡seven¡¡heads£»¡¡all¡¡equally¡¡genuine£»¡¡are¡¡extant¡£

According¡¡to¡¡native¡¡Egyptian¡¡accounts£»¡¡which¡¡supplement¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Plutarch£»¡¡when¡¡Isis¡¡had¡¡found¡¡the¡¡corpse¡¡of¡¡her¡¡husband¡¡Osiris£»¡¡she¡¡and¡¡her¡¡sister¡¡Nephthys¡¡sat¡¡down¡¡beside¡¡it¡¡and¡¡uttered¡¡a¡¡lament¡¡which¡¡in¡¡after¡¡ages¡¡became¡¡the¡¡type¡¡of¡¡all¡¡Egyptian¡¡lamentations¡¡for¡¡the¡¡dead¡£¡¡Come¡¡to¡¡thy¡¡house£»¡¡they¡¡wailed¡£¡¡Come¡¡to¡¡thy¡¡house¡£¡¡O¡¡god¡¡On£¡¡¡come¡¡to¡¡thy¡¡house£»¡¡thou¡¡who¡¡hast¡¡no¡¡foes¡£¡¡O¡¡fair¡¡youth£»¡¡come¡¡to¡¡thy¡¡house£»¡¡that¡¡thou¡¡mayest¡¡see¡¡me¡£¡¡I¡¡am¡¡thy¡¡sister£»¡¡whom¡¡thou¡¡lovest£»¡¡thou¡¡shalt¡¡not¡¡part¡¡from¡¡me¡£¡¡O¡¡fair¡¡boy£»¡¡come¡¡to¡¡thy¡¡house¡¡¡£¡¡I¡¡see¡¡thee¡¡not£»¡¡yet¡¡doth¡¡my¡¡heart¡¡yearn¡¡after¡¡thee¡¡and¡¡mine¡¡eyes¡¡desire¡¡thee¡£¡¡Come¡¡to¡¡her¡¡who¡¡loves¡¡thee£»¡¡who¡¡loves¡¡thee£»¡¡Unnefer£»¡¡thou¡¡blessed¡¡one£¡¡¡Come¡¡to¡¡thy¡¡sister£»¡¡come¡¡to¡¡thy¡¡wife£»¡¡to¡¡thy¡¡wife£»¡¡thou¡¡whose¡¡heart¡¡stands¡¡still¡£¡¡Come¡¡to¡¡thy¡¡housewife¡£¡¡I¡¡am¡¡thy¡¡sister¡¡by¡¡the¡¡same¡¡mother£»¡¡thou¡¡shalt¡¡not¡¡be¡¡far¡¡from¡¡me¡£¡¡Gods¡¡and¡¡men¡¡have¡¡turned¡¡their¡¡faces¡¡towards¡¡thee¡¡and¡¡weep¡¡for¡¡thee¡¡together¡¡¡£¡¡I¡¡call¡¡after¡¡thee¡¡and¡¡weep£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡my¡¡cry¡¡is¡¡heard¡¡to¡¡heaven£»¡¡but¡¡thou¡¡hearest¡¡not¡¡my¡¡voice£»¡¡yet¡¡am¡¡I¡¡thy¡¡sister£»¡¡whom¡¡thou¡¡didst¡¡love¡¡on¡¡earth£»¡¡thou¡¡didst¡¡love¡¡none¡¡but¡¡me£»¡¡my¡¡brother£¡¡¡my¡¡brother£¡¡¡This¡¡lament¡¡for¡¡the¡¡fair¡¡youth¡¡cut¡¡off¡¡in¡¡his¡¡prime¡¡reminds¡¡us¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laments¡¡for¡¡Adonis¡£¡¡The¡¡title¡¡of¡¡Unnefer¡¡or¡¡the¡¡Good¡¡Being¡¡bestowed¡¡on¡¡him¡¡marks¡¡the¡¡beneficence¡¡which¡¡tradition¡¡universally¡¡ascribed¡¡to¡¡Osiris£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡at¡¡once¡¡his¡¡commonest¡¡title¡¡and¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡names¡¡as¡¡king¡£

The¡¡lamentations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡sad¡¡sisters¡¡were¡¡not¡¡in¡¡vain¡£¡¡In¡¡pity¡¡for¡¡her¡¡sorrow¡¡the¡¡sun¡­god¡¡Ra¡¡sent¡¡down¡¡from¡¡heaven¡¡the¡¡jackal¡­headed¡¡god¡¡Anubis£»¡¡who£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aid¡¡of¡¡Isis¡¡and¡¡Nephthys£»¡¡of¡¡Thoth¡¡and¡¡Horus£»¡¡pieced¡¡together¡¡the¡¡broken¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡murdered¡¡god£»¡¡swathed¡¡it¡¡in¡¡linen¡¡bandages£»¡¡and¡¡observed¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡rites¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Egyptians¡¡were¡¡wont¡¡to¡¡perform¡¡over¡¡the¡¡bodies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡departed¡£¡¡Then¡¡Isis¡¡fanned¡¡the¡¡cold¡¡clay¡¡with¡¡her¡¡wings£º¡¡Osiris¡¡revived£»¡¡and¡¡thenceforth¡¡reigned¡¡as¡¡king¡¡over¡¡the¡¡dead¡¡in¡¡the¡¡other¡¡world¡£¡¡There¡¡he¡¡bore¡¡the¡¡titles¡¡of¡¡Lord¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Underworld£»¡¡Lord¡¡of¡¡Eternity£»¡¡Ruler¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Dead¡£¡¡There£»¡¡too£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Hall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Two¡¡Truths£»¡¡assisted¡¡by¡¡forty¡­two¡¡assessors£»¡¡one¡¡from¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡districts¡¡of¡¡Egypt£»¡¡he¡¡presided¡¡as¡¡judge¡¡at¡¡the¡¡trial¡¡of¡¡the¡¡souls¡¡of¡¡the¡¡departed£»¡¡who¡¡made¡¡their¡¡solemn¡¡confession¡¡before¡¡him£»¡¡and£»¡¡their¡¡heart¡¡having¡¡been¡¡weighed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡balance¡¡of¡¡justice£»¡¡received¡¡the¡¡reward¡¡of¡¡virtue¡¡in¡¡a¡¡life¡¡eternal¡¡or¡¡the¡¡appropriate¡¡punishment¡¡of¡¡their¡¡sins¡£

In¡¡the¡¡resurrection¡¡of¡¡Osiris¡¡the¡¡Egyptians¡¡saw¡¡the¡¡pledge¡¡of¡¡a¡¡life¡¡everlasting¡¡for¡¡themselves¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡grave¡£¡¡They¡¡believed¡¡that¡¡every¡¡man¡¡would¡¡live¡¡eternally¡¡in¡¡the¡¡other¡¡world¡¡if¡¡only¡¡his¡¡surviving¡¡friends¡¡did¡¡for¡¡his¡¡body¡¡what¡¡the¡¡gods¡¡had¡¡done¡¡for¡¡the¡¡body¡¡of¡¡Osiris¡£¡¡Hence¡¡the¡¡ceremonies¡¡observed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Egyptians¡¡over¡¡the¡¡human¡¡dead¡¡were¡¡an¡¡exact¡¡copy¡¡of¡¡those¡¡which¡¡Anubis£»¡¡Horus£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡had¡¡performed¡¡over¡¡the¡¡dead¡¡god¡£¡¡At¡¡every¡¡burial¡¡there¡¡was¡¡enacted¡¡a¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡divine¡¡mystery¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡performed¡¡of¡¡old¡¡over¡¡Osiris£»¡¡when¡¡his¡¡son£»¡¡his¡¡sisters£»¡¡his¡¡friends¡¡were¡¡gathered¡¡round¡¡his¡¡mangled¡¡remains¡¡and¡¡succeeded¡¡by¡¡their¡¡spells¡¡and¡¡manipulations¡¡in¡¡converting¡¡his¡¡broken¡¡body¡¡into¡¡the¡¡first¡¡mummy£»¡¡which¡¡they¡¡afterwards¡¡reanimated¡¡and¡¡furnished¡¡with¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡entering¡¡on¡¡a¡¡new¡¡individual¡¡life¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡grave¡£¡¡The¡¡mummy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡deceased¡¡was¡¡Osiris£»¡¡the¡¡professional¡¡female¡¡mourners¡¡were¡¡his¡¡two¡¡sisters¡¡Isis¡¡and¡¡Nephthys£»¡¡Anubis£»¡¡Horus£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡gods¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Osirian¡¡legend¡¡gathered¡¡about¡¡the¡¡corpse¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡way¡¡every¡¡dead¡¡Egyptian¡¡was¡¡identified¡¡with¡¡Osiris¡¡and¡¡bore¡¡his¡¡name¡£¡¡From¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡Kingdom¡¡onwards¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡regular¡¡practice¡¡to¡¡address¡¡the¡¡deceased¡¡as¡¡Osiris¡¡So¡­and¡­So£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡he¡¡were¡¡the¡¡god¡¡himself£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡add¡¡the¡¡standing¡¡epithet¡¡true¡¡of¡¡speech£»¡¡because¡¡true¡¡speech¡¡was¡¡characteristic¡¡of¡¡Osiris¡£¡¡The¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡inscribed¡¡and¡¡pictured¡¡tombs¡¡that¡¡have¡¡been¡¡opened¡¡in¡¡the¡¡valley¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nile¡¡prove¡¡that¡¡the¡¡mystery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡resurrection¡¡was¡¡performed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡every¡¡dead¡¡Egyptian£»¡¡as¡¡Osiris¡¡died¡¡and¡¡rose¡¡again¡¡from¡¡the¡¡dead£»¡¡so¡¡all¡¡men¡¡hoped¡¡to¡¡arise¡¡like¡¡him¡¡from¡¡death¡¡to¡¡life¡¡eternal¡£

Thus¡¡according¡¡to¡¡what¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡general¡¡native¡¡tradition¡¡Osiris¡¡was¡¡a¡¡good¡¡and¡¡beloved¡¡king¡¡of¡¡Egypt£»¡¡who¡¡suffered¡¡a¡¡violent¡¡death¡¡but¡¡rose¡¡from¡¡the¡¡dead¡¡and¡¡was¡¡henceforth¡¡worshipped¡¡as¡¡a¡¡deity¡£¡¡In¡¡harmony¡¡with¡¡this¡¡tradition¡¡he¡¡was¡¡regularly¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡sculptors¡¡and¡¡painters¡¡in¡¡human¡¡and¡¡regal¡¡form¡¡as¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡king£»¡¡swathed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡wrappings¡¡of¡¡a¡¡mummy£»¡¡but¡¡wearing¡¡on¡¡his¡¡head¡¡a¡¡kingly¡¡crown¡¡and¡¡grasping¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡hands£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡left¡¡free¡¡from¡¡the¡¡bandages£»¡¡a¡¡kingly¡¡sceptre¡£¡¡Two¡¡cities¡¡above¡¡all¡¡others¡¡were¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡his¡¡myth¡¡or¡¡memory¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡them¡¡was¡¡Busiris¡¡in¡¡Lower¡¡Egypt£»¡¡which¡¡claimed¡¡to¡¡possess¡¡his¡¡backbone£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡was¡¡Abydos¡¡in¡¡Upper¡¡Egypt£»¡¡which¡¡gloried¡¡in¡¡the¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡his¡¡head¡£¡¡Encircled¡¡by¡¡the¡¡nimbus¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dead¡¡yet¡¡living¡¡god£»¡¡Abydos£»¡¡originally¡¡an¡¡obscure¡¡place£»¡¡became¡¡from¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Old¡¡Kingdom¡¡the¡¡holiest¡¡spot¡¡in¡¡Egypt£»¡¡his¡¡tomb¡¡there¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Egyptians¡¡what¡¡the¡¡Church¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Holy¡¡Sepulchre¡¡at¡¡Jerusalem¡¡is¡¡to¡¡Christians¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡wish¡¡of¡¡every¡¡pious¡¡man¡¡that¡¡his¡¡dead¡¡body¡¡should¡¡rest¡¡in¡¡hallowed¡¡earth¡¡near¡¡the¡¡grave¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glorified¡¡Osiris¡£¡¡Few¡¡indeed¡¡were¡¡rich¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡enjoy¡¡this¡¡inestimable¡¡privilege£»¡¡for£»¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡a¡¡tomb¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sacred¡¡city£»¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡transport¡¡of¡¡mummies¡¡from¡¡great¡¡distances¡¡was¡¡both¡¡difficult¡¡and¡¡expensive¡£¡¡Yet¡¡so¡¡eager¡¡were¡¡many¡¡to¡¡absorb¡¡in¡¡death¡¡the¡¡blessed¡¡influence¡¡which¡¡radiated¡¡from¡¡the¡¡holy¡¡sepulchre¡¡that¡¡they¡¡caused¡¡their¡¡surviving¡¡friends¡¡to¡¡convey¡¡their¡¡mortal¡¡remains¡¡to¡¡Abydos£»¡¡there¡¡to¡¡tarry¡¡for¡¡a¡¡short¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡to¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡back¡¡by¡¡river¡¡and¡¡interred¡¡in¡¡the¡¡tombs¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡¡ready¡¡for¡¡them¡¡in¡¡their¡¡native¡¡land¡£¡¡Others¡¡had¡¡cenotaphs¡¡built¡¡or¡¡memorial¡¡tablets¡¡erected¡¡for¡¡themselves¡¡near¡¡the¡¡tomb¡¡of¡¡their¡¡dead¡¡and¡¡risen¡¡Lord£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡might¡¡share¡¡with¡¡him¡¡the¡¡bliss¡¡of¡¡a¡¡joyful¡¡resurrection¡£

Chapter¡¡39¡£¡¡The¡¡Ritual¡¡of¡¡Osiris¡£

1¡£¡¡The¡¡Popular¡¡Rites¡£

A¡¡USEFUL¡¡clue¡¡to¡¡the¡¡original¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡a¡¡god¡¡or¡¡goddess¡¡is¡¡often¡¡furnished¡¡by¡¡the¡¡season¡¡at¡¡which¡¡his¡¡or¡¡her¡¡festival¡¡is¡¡celebrated¡£¡¡Thus£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡festival¡¡falls¡¡at¡¡the¡¡new¡¡or¡¡the¡¡full¡¡moon£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡presumption¡¡that¡¡the¡¡deity¡¡thus¡¡honoured¡¡either¡¡is¡¡the¡¡moon¡¡or¡¡at¡¡least¡¡has¡¡lunar¡¡affinities¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡festival¡¡is¡¡held¡¡at¡¡the¡¡winter¡¡or¡¡summer¡¡solstice£»¡¡we¡¡naturally¡¡surmise¡¡that¡¡the¡¡god¡¡is¡¡the¡¡sun£»¡¡or¡¡at¡¡all¡¡events¡¡that¡¡he¡¡stands¡¡in¡¡some¡¡close¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡that¡¡luminary¡£¡¡Again£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡festival¡¡coincides¡¡with¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡sowing¡¡or¡¡harvest£»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡infer¡¡that¡¡the¡¡divinity¡¡is¡¡an¡¡embodiment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡or¡¡of¡¡the¡¡corn¡£¡¡These¡¡presumptions¡¡or¡¡inferences£»¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡themselves£»¡¡are¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡conclusive£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡they¡¡happen¡¡to¡¡be¡¡confirmed¡¡by¡¡other¡¡indications£»¡¡the¡¡evidence¡¡may¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡fairly¡¡strong¡£

Unfortunately£»¡¡in¡¡dealing¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Egyptian¡¡gods¡¡we¡¡are¡¡in¡¡a¡¡great¡¡measure¡¡precluded¡¡from¡¡making¡¡use¡¡of¡¡this¡¡clue¡£¡¡The¡¡reason¡¡is¡¡not¡¡that¡¡the¡¡dates¡¡of¡¡the¡¡festivals¡¡are¡¡always¡¡unknown£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡they¡¡shifted¡¡from¡¡year¡¡to¡¡year£»¡¡until¡¡after¡¡a¡¡long¡¡interval¡¡they¡¡had¡¡revolved¡¡through¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡seasons¡£¡¡This¡¡gradual¡¡revolution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡festal¡¡Egyptian¡¡cycle¡¡resulted¡¡from¡¡the¡¡employment¡¡of¡¡a¡¡calendar¡¡year¡¡which¡¡neither¡¡corresponded¡¡exactly¡¡to¡¡the¡¡solar¡¡year¡¡nor¡¡was¡¡periodically¡¡corrected¡¡by¡¡intercalation¡£

If¡¡the¡¡Egyptian¡¡farmer¡¡of¡¡the¡¡olden¡¡time¡¡could¡¡get¡¡no¡¡help£»¡¡except¡¡at¡¡the¡¡rarest¡¡intervals£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡official¡¡or¡¡sacerdotal¡¡calendar£»¡¡he¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡observe¡¡for¡¡himself¡¡those¡¡natural¡¡signals¡¡which¡¡marked¡¡the¡¡times¡¡for¡¡the¡¡various¡¡operations¡¡of¡¡husbandry¡£¡¡In¡¡all¡¡ages¡¡of¡¡which¡¡we¡¡possess¡¡any¡¡records¡¡the¡¡Egyptians¡¡have¡¡been¡¡an¡¡agricultural¡¡people£»¡¡dependent¡¡for¡¡their¡¡subsistence¡¡on¡¡the¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡corn¡£¡¡The¡¡cereals¡¡which¡¡they¡¡cultivated¡¡were¡¡wheat£»¡¡barley£»¡¡and¡¡apparently¡¡sorghum¡¡£¨Holcus¡¡sorghum£»¡¡Linnaeus£©£»¡¡the¡¡doora¡¡of¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡fellaheen¡£¡¡Then¡¡as¡¡now¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡country£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡a¡¡fringe¡¡on¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mediterranean£»¡¡was¡¡almost¡¡rainless£»¡¡and¡¡owed¡¡its¡¡immense¡¡fertility¡¡entirely¡¡to¡¡the¡¡annual¡¡inundation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nile£»¡¡which£»¡¡regulated¡¡by¡¡an¡¡elaborate¡¡system¡¡of¡¡dams¡¡and¡¡canals£»¡¡was¡¡distributed¡¡over¡¡the¡¡fields£»¡¡renewing¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡year¡¡by¡¡year¡¡with¡¡a¡¡fresh¡¡deposit¡¡of¡¡mud¡¡was
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
δÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡