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l ideas。 Charles Dickens； to be sure； does deal with boarding…schools in England； with conditions which in their local form do not recur and are not familiar to us； but he deals with them as involving a great principle of the relation of society to youth； and so David Copperfield or Oliver Twist becomes a book for the life of all of us； and for all time。 And even here it is evident that not all of Dickens's work will live； but only that which is least narrowly local and is most broadly human。
There is a further striking illustration in a familiar event in American history。 Most young people are required to study Webster's speech in reply to Robert Hayne in the United States Senate； using it as a model in literary construction。 The speech of Hayne is lost to our interest； yet the fact is that Hayne himself was gifted in expression； that by the standards of simple style his speech compares favorably with that of Webster。 Yet reading Webster's reply takes one not to the local condition which was concerning Hayne； but to a great principle of liberty and union。 He shows that principle emerging in history； the local touches are lost to thought as he goes on； and a truth is expressed in terms of history which will be valid until history is ended。 It is not simply Webster's style； it is that with his great idea which made his reply memorable。
That neither ideas nor style alone can keep literature alive is shown by literary history after Shakespeare。 Just after him you have the 〃mellifluous poets〃 of the next period on the one hand； with style enough； but with such attenuated ideas that their work has died。 Who knows Drayton or Brown or Wither？ On the other hand； there came the metaphysicians with ideas in abundance； but not style； and their works have died。
Here； then； is the English Bible becoming the chief English classic by the wedding of great ideas to worthy expression。 From one point of view this early seventeenth century was an opportune time for making such a classic。 Theology was a popular subject。 Men's minds had found a new freedom； and they used it to discuss great themes。 They even began to sing。 The reign of Elizabeth had prepared the way。 The English scholar Hoare traces this new liberty to the sailing away of the Armada and the releasing of England from the perpetual dread of Spanish invasion。 He says that the birds felt the free air； and sang as they had never sung before and as they have not often sung since。 But this was not restricted to the birds of English song。 It was a period of remarkable awakening in the whole intellectual life of England； and that intellectual life was directing itself among the common people to religion。 Another English writer； Eaton； says a profounder word in tracing the awakening to the reformation； saying that it 〃could not fail； from the very nature of it； to tinge the literature of the Elizabethan era。 It gave a logical and disputatious character to the age and produced men mighty in the Scriptures。〃＇1＇ A French visitor went home disgusted because people talked of nothing but theology in England。 Grotius thought all the people of England were theologians。 James's chief pride was his theological learning。 It did not prove difficult to find half a hundred men in small England instantly recognized as experts in Scripture study。 The people were ready to welcome a book of great ideas。 Let us pass by those ideas a moment； remembering that they are not enough in them… selves to give the work literary value； and turn our minds to the style of the English Bible。
＇1＇ T。 R。 Eaton； Shakespeare and the Bible； p。 2。
From this point of view the times were not perfectly opportune for a piece of pure English literature； though it was the time which produced Shakespeare。 A definite movement was on to refine the language by foreign decorations。 Not even Shakespeare avoids it always。 No writer of the time avoids it wholly。 The dedication of the King James version shows that these scholars themselves did not avoid it。 In that dedication； and their preface； they give us fine writing； striving for effect； ornamental phrases characteristic of the time。 Men were feeling that this English language was rough and barbarous； insufficient； needing enlargement by the addition of other words constructed in a foreign form。 The essays of Lord Bacon are virtually contemporaneous with this translation。 Macaulay says a rather hard word in calling his style 〃odious and deformed；〃＇1＇ but when one turns from Bacon to the English Bible there is a sharp contrast in mere style； and it favors the Bible。 The contrast is as great as that which Carlyle first felt between the ideas of Shakespeare and those of the Bible when he said that 〃this world is a catholic kind of place； the Puritan gospel and Shakespeare's plays： such a pair of facts I have rarely seen save out of one chimerical generation。〃＇2＇ And that gives point to the word already quoted from Hallam that the English of the King James version is not the English of James I。
＇1＇ Essay on John Dryden。
＇2＇ Historical Sketches； Hampton Court Conference。
Four things helped to determine the simplicity and pure Englishunornamented Englishof the King James version； made it； that is； the English classic。 Two of these things have been dealt with already in other connections。 First； that it was a Book for the people； for the people of the middle level of language； a work by scholars； but not chiefly for scholars； intended rather for the common use of common people。 Secondly； that the translators were constantly beholden to the work of the past in this same line。 Where Wiclif's words were still in use they used them。 That tended to fix the language by the use which had already become natural。
The other two determining influences must be spoken of now。 The third lies in the fact that the English language was still plastic。 It had not fallen into such hard forms that its words were narrow or restricted。 The truth is that from the point of view of pure literature the Bible is better in English than it is in Greek or Hebrew。 That is； the English of the King James version as English is better than the Greek of the New Testament as Greek。 As for the Hebrew there was little development for many generations； Renan thinks there was none at all。 The difference comes from the point of time in the growth of the tongue when the Book was written。 The Greek was written when the language was old； when it had differentiated its terms； when it had become corrupted by outside influence。 The English version was written when the language was new and fresh； when a word could be taken and set in its meaning without being warped from some earlier usage。 The study of the Greek Testament is always being complicated by the effort to bring into its words the classical meaning； when so far as the writers of the New Testament were concerned they had no interest in the classical meaning； but only in the current meaning of those words。 In the English language there was as yet no classical meaning； it was exactly that meaning that these writers were giving the words when they brought them into their version。＇1＇ There is large advantage in the fact that the age was not a scientific one； that the language had not become complicated。 So it becomes interesting to observe with Professor March that ninety…three per cent。 of these words； counting also repetitions； are native English words。 The language was new； was still plastic。 It had not been stiffened by use。 It received its set more definitely from the English Bible than from any other one workmore than from Shakespeare； whose influence was second。
＇1＇ Trevelyan； England under the Stuarts； p。 54；
The fourth fact which helped to determine its English style is the loyalty of the translators to the original； notably the Hebrew。 It is a common remark of the students of the original tongues that the Hebrew and Greek languages are peculiarly translatable。 That is notable in the Hebrew。 It is not a language of abstract terms。 The tendency of language is always to become vague； since we are lazy in the use of it。 We use one word in various ways； and a pet one for many ideas。 Language is always more concrete in its earlier forms。 In this period of the concrete English language； then； the translation was made from the Hebrew； which was also a concrete； figurative language itself。 The structure of the Hebrew sentence is very simple。 There are no extended paragraphs in it。 It is somewhat different in the New Testament； where these paragraphs are found； certainly in the Pauline Greek； but even there the extended sentences are broken into clauses which can be taken as wholes。 The English version shows constantly the marks of the Hebrew influence in the simplicity of its phrasing。 Renan says that the Hebrew 〃knows how to make propositions； but not how to link them into paragraphs。〃 So the earlier Bible stories are like a child's way of talking。 They let one sentence follow another； and their unity is found in the overflowing use of the word 〃and〃one fact hung to another to make a story； but not to make an argument。 In the first ten chapters of I Samuel； for example； there are two hundred and thirty…eight verses； one hundred and sixty of them begin with