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park） there are two monasteries； in both of which there are monks
residing。
When you go north…west from the vihara of the Deer…wild park for
thirteen yojanas； there is a kingdom named Kausambi。＇12＇ Its vihara is
named Ghochiravana＇13＇a place where Buddha formerly resided。 Now；
as of old； there is a company of monks there； most of whom are students
of the hinayana。
East from （this）； when you have travelled eight yojanas； is the place
where Buddha converted＇14＇ the evil demon。 There； and where he walked
（in meditation） and sat at the place which was his regular abode； there
have been topes erected。 There is also a monastery； which may contain
more than a hundred monks。
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NOTES
＇1＇ Fa…hien is here mentioned singly； as in the account of his visit to
the cave on Gridhra…kuta。 I think that Tao…ching may have remained at
Patna after their first visit to it。
＇2＇ See chap。 xxvii； note 1。
＇3＇ 〃The city surrounded by rivers；〃 the modern Benares； lat。 25d 23s
N。； lon。 83d 5s E。
＇4＇ 〃The rishi；〃 says Eitel； 〃is a man whose bodily frame has
undergone a certain transformation by dint of meditation and ascetism； so
that he is； for an indefinite period； exempt from decrepitude； age； and
death。 As this period is believed to extend far beyond the usual duration of
human life； such persons are called； and popularly believed to be；
immortals。〃 Rishis are divided into various classes； and rishi…ism is spoken
of as a seventh part of transrotation； and rishis are referred to as the
seventh class of sentient beings。 Taoism； as well as Buddhism； has its Seen
jin。
＇5＇ See chap。 xiii； note 15。
＇6＇ See chap。 xxii； note 2。
＇7＇ For another legend about this park； and the identification of 〃a fine
wood〃 still existing； see note in Beal's first version； p。 135。
＇8＇ A prince of Magadha and a maternal uncle of Sakyamuni； who
gave him the name of Ajnata； meaning automat； and hence he often
appears as Ajnata Kaundinya。 He and his four friends had followed
Sakyamuni into the Uruvilva desert； sympathising with him in the
austerities he endured； and hoping that they would issue in his Buddhaship。
They were not aware that that issue had come； which may show us that all
the accounts in the thirty…first chapter are merely descriptions； by means of
external imagery； of what had taken place internally。 The kingdom of
nirvana had come without observation。 These friends knew it not； and they
were offended by what they considered Sakyamuni's failure； and the
course he was now pursuing。 See the account of their conversion in M。 B。；
p。 186。
＇9＇ This is the only instance in Fa…hien's text where the Bodhisattva or
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Buddha is called by the surname 〃Gotama。〃 For the most part our traveller
uses Buddha as a proper name； though it properly means 〃The
Enlightened。〃 He uses also the combinations 〃Sakya Buddha；〃=〃The
Buddha of the Sakya tribe；〃 and 〃Sakyamuni；〃=〃The Sakya sage。〃 This
last is the most common designation of the Buddha in China； and to my
mind best combines the characteristics of a descriptive and a proper name。
Among other Buddhistic peoples 〃Gotama〃 and 〃Gotama Buddha〃 are the
more frequent designations。 It is not easy to account for the rise of the
surname Gotama in the Sakya family； as Oldenberg acknowledges。 He
says that 〃the Sakyas； in accordance with the custom of Indian noble
families； had borrowed it from one of the ancient Vedic bard families。〃 Dr。
Davids （〃Buddhism；〃 p。 27） says： 〃The family name was certainly
Gautama；〃 adding in a note； 〃It is a curious fact that Gautama is still the
family name of the Rajput chiefs of Nagara； the village which has been
identified with Kapilavastu。〃 Dr。 Eitel says that 〃Gautama was the
sacerdotal name of the Sakya family； which counted the ancient rishi
Gautama among its ancestors。〃 When we proceed； however； to endeavour
to trace the connexion of that Brahmanical rishi with the Sakya house； by
means of 1323； 1468； 1469； and other historical works in Nanjio's
Catalogue； we soon find that Indian histories have no surer foundation
than the shifting sand；see E。 H。； on the name Sakya； pp。 108； 109。 We
must be content for the present simply to accept Gotama as one of the
surnames of the Buddha with whom we have to do。
＇10＇ See chap。 vi； note 5。 It is there said that the prediction of
Maitreya's succession to the Buddhaship was made to him in the Tushita
heaven。 Was there a repetition of it here in the Deer…park； or was a
prediction now given concerning something else？
＇11＇ Nothing seems to be known of this naga but what we read here。
＇12＇ Identified by some with Kusia； near Kurrah （lat。 25d 41s N。； lon。
81d 27s E。）； by others with Kosam on the Jumna； thirty miles above
Allahabad。 See E。 H。； p。 55。
＇13＇ Ghochira was the name of a Vaisya elder； or head； who presented
a garden and vihara to Buddha。 Hardy （M。 B。； p。 356） quotes a statement
from a Singhalese authority that Sakyamuni resided here during the ninth
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year of his Buddhaship。
＇14＇ Dr。 Davids thinks this may refer to the striking and beautiful story
of the conversion of the Yakkha Alavaka； as related in the Uragavagga；
Alavakasutta； pp。 29…31 （Sacred Books of the East； vol。 x； part ii）。
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CHAPTER XXXV
DAKSHINA； AND THE PIGEON MONASTERY。
South from this 200 yojanas； there is a country named Dakshina；＇1＇
where there is a monastery （dedicated to） the bygone Kasyapa Buddha；
and which has been hewn out from a large hill of rock。 It consists in all of
five storeys；the lowest； having the form of an elephant； with 500
apartments in the rock； the second； having the form of a lion； with 400
apartments； the third； having the form of a horse； with 300 apartments； the
fourth； having the form of an ox； with 200 apartments； and the fifth；
having the form of a pigeon； with 100 apartments。 At the very top there is
a spring； the water of which； always in front of the apartments in the rock；
goes round among the rooms； now circling； now curving； till in this way it
arrives at the lowest storey； having followed the shape of the structure； and
flows out there at the door。 Everywhere in the apartments of the monks；
the rock has been pierced so as to form windows for the admission of light；
so that they are all bright； without any being left in darkness。 At the four
corners of the （tiers of） apartments； the rock has been hewn so as to form
steps for ascending to the top （of each）。 The men of the present day； being
of small size； and going up step by step； manage to get to the top； but in a
former age； they did so at one step。＇2＇ Because of this； the monastery is
called Paravata； that being the Indian name for a pigeon。 There are always
Arhats residing in it。
The country about is （a tract of） uncultivated hillocks；＇3＇ without
inhabitants。 At a very long distance from the hill there are villages； where
the people all have bad and erroneous views； and do not know the
Sramanas of the Law of Buddha； Brahmanas； or （devotees of） any of the
other and different schools。 The people of that country are constantly
seeing men on the wing； who come and enter this monastery。 On one
occasion； when devotees of various countries came to perform their
worship