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＇18＇ Cf。 〃Mémoires de Mm。 D'Epinay；〃 a conversation with Duclos and
Saint…Lambert at the house of Mlle。 Quinault。 … Rousseau's
〃Confessions；〃 part I； book V。 These are the same principles taught by
M。 de la Tavel to Mme。 De Warens。
＇19＇ 〃Suite du rêve de d'Alembert。〃 〃Entretien entre Mlls。 de
Lespinasse et Bordeu。〃 … 〃Mémoires de Diderot；〃 a letter to Mlle。
Volant； III。 66。
＇20＇ Cf。 his admirable tales； 〃Entretiens d'un père avec ses
enfants；〃 and 〃Le neveu de Rameau。〃
＇21＇ Volney； ibid 。 〃The natural law 。 。 。 consists wholly of
events whose repetition may be observed through the senses and which
create a science as precise and accurate as geometry and mathematics。〃
＇22＇ Helvétius； 〃De l'Esprit。〃 passim。
＇23＇ Volney； ibid。 Chap。 III。 Saint…Lambert； ibid。 The first
dialogue。
＇24＇ D'Holbach； 〃Systeme de la Nature；〃 II。 408 493。
＇25＇ D'Holbach； 〃Système de la nature； 〃 I。 347。
＇26＇ Diderot； 〃Supplément au voyage de Bougainville。〃
＇27＇ Diderot； 〃Les Eleuthéromanes。〃
Et ses mains； ourdissant les entrailles du prêtre；
En feraient un cordon pour le dernier des rois。
Brissot： 〃Necessity being the sole title to property the result is
that when a want is satisfied man is no longer a property owner。 。 。 。
Two prime necessities are due to the animal constitution； food and
waste。 。 。 。 May men nourish themselves on their fallen creatures？
（Yes for） all beings may justly nourish themselves on any material
calculated to supply their wants 。 。 。 Man of nature； fulfill your
desire； give heed to your cravings； your sole masters and your only
guide。 Do you feel your veins throbbing with inward fires at the sight
of a charming creature？ She is yours； your caresses are innocent and
your kisses pure。 Love alone entitles to enjoyment as hunger is the
warrant for property。〃 （An essay published in 1780； and reprinted in
1782 in the 〃Bibliothèque du Législateur；〃 quoted by Roux and Buchez
〃Histoire parlementaire；〃 XIII； 431。
＇28＇ The words of Rousseau himself （〃Rousseau juge de Jan…Jacques；〃
third dialogue； p 193）： From whence may the painter and apologist of
nature； now so disfigured and so calumniated； derive his model if not
from his own heart ？〃
＇29＇ 〃Confessions；〃 Book I。 p。1； and the end of the fifth book。
First letter to M。 de Malesherbes： 〃I know my great faults； and am
profoundly sensible of my vices。 Even so I shall die with the
conviction that of all the men I have encountered no one was better
than myself〃。 To Madame B…； March 16； 1770； he writes： 〃You
have awarded me esteem for my writings； your esteem would be yet
greater for my life if it were open to you inspection； and still
greater for my heart if it were exposed to your view。 Never was there
a better one； a heart more tender or more just。。。。 My misfortunes are
all due to my virtues。〃 To Madame de la Tour； 〃Whoever is not
enthusiastic in my behalf in unworthy of me。〃
＇30＇ Letter to M。 de Beaumont。 p。24。 … Rousseau juge de Jean…
Jacques； troisième entretien； 193。
＇31＇ 〃Emile；〃 book I； and the letter to M。 de Beaumont； passim。
＇32＇ Article I。 〃All Frenchmen shall be virtuous。〃 Article II。 〃All
Frenchmen shall be happy。〃 Draft of a constitution found among the
papers of Sismondi； at that time in school。 （My French dictionary
writes： 〃SISMONDI； （Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de） Genève； 1773 …
id。 1842； Swiss historian and economist of Italian origin。 He was a
forerunner of dirigisme and had influenced Marx with his book：
〃Nouveaux principes d'économie politique。1819。 SR。）
＇33＇ 〃Confessions；〃 part 2； book IX。 368。 〃I cannot comprehend how
any one can converse in a circle。 。 。 。 I stammer out a few words；
with no meaning in them； as quickly as I can； very glad if they convey
no sense。 。 。 。 I should be as fond of society as anybody if I were
not certain of appearing not merely to disadvantage but wholly
different from what I really am。〃 Cf。 in the 〃Nouvelle Héloise；〃
2nd part； the letter of Saint…Preux on Paris。 Also in 〃Emilie；〃 the
end of book IV。
＇34＇ 〃Confessions；〃 part 2； IX。 361。 〃I was so weary of drawing…
rooms； of jets of water； of bowers； of flower…beds and of those that
showed them to me； I was so overwhelmed with pamphlets； harpsichords；
games； knots； stupid witticisms； simpering looks； petty story…tellers
and heavy suppers； that when I spied out a corner in a hedge； a bush；
a barn； a meadow； or when； on passing through a hamlet； I caught the
smell of a good parsley omelet 。 。 I sent to the devil all the rouge；
frills； flounces and perfumery； and； regretting a plain dinner and
common wine； I would gladly have closed the mouth of both the head
cook and the butler who forced me to dine when I generally sup； and to
sup when a generally go to bed； but； especially the lackeys that
envied me every morsel I ate and who； at the risk of my dying with
thirst； sold me the drugged wine of their master at ten times the
price I would have to pay for a better wine at a tavern。〃
＇35＇ 〃Discours sur l'influence des sciences et des arts〃 The
letter to d'Alembert on theatrical performances。
＇36＇ Does it not read like a declaration of intent for forming a
Kibbutz？ （SR。）
＇37＇ 〃The high society （La societé） is as natural to the human
species as decrepitude to the individual。 The people require arts；
laws； and governments； as old men require crutches。〃 See the letter M。
Philopolis； p。 248。
＇38＇ See the discourse on the 〃Origine de l'Inégalite；〃 passim。
＇39＇ 〃Emile；〃 book IV。 Rousseau's narrative。 P。 13。
＇40＇ 〃Discours sur l'économie politique；〃 326。
＇41＇ 〃Discours sur l'Origine de l'Inégalité；〃 178； 〃Contrat
Social；〃 I。 ch。 IV。
＇42＇ Condorcet； 〃Tableau des progrès de l'esprit humain；〃 the tenth
epoch。
CHAPTER IV。 ORGANIZING THE FUTURE SOCIETY。
I。 LIBERTY； EQUALITY AND SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE。
The mathematical method。 … Definition of man in the abstract。 … The
social contract。 … Independence and equality of the contractors。 … All
equal before the law and each sharing in the sovereignty。
Consider future society as it appears at this moment to our
legislators in their study； and bear in mind that it will soon appear
under the same aspect to the legislators of the Assembly。 … In their
eyes the decisive moment has come。 Henceforth two histories are to
exist；＇1＇ one； that of the past； the other； that of the future；
formerly a history of Man still deprived of his reason； and at present
the history of the rational human being。 The rule of right is at last
to begin。 Of all that the past generations have founded and
transmitted nothing is legitimate。 Overlaying the natural Man they
created an artificial Man； either ecclesiastic or laic； noble or
commoner； sovereign or subject； proprietor or proletary； ignorant or
cultivated； peasant or citizen； slave or master； all being phony
qualities which we are not to heed； as their origin is tainted with
violence and robbery。 Strip off these superfluous garments； let us
take Man in himself； the same under all conditions； in all situations；
in all countries； in all ages； and strive to ascertain what sort of
association is the best adapted to him。 The problem thus stated； the
rest follows。 … In accordance with the customs of the classic
mentality； and with the precepts of the prevailing ideology； a
political system is now constructed after a mathematical model。＇2＇ A
simple statement is selected； and set apart； very general； familiar；
readily apparent； and easily understood by the most ignorant and
inattentive schoolboy。 Reject every difference； which separates one
man from other men； retain of him only the portion common to him and
to others。 The remainder constitutes Man in general； or in other
words；
〃a sensitive and rational being who； thus endowed； avoids pain and
seeks pleasure；〃 and therefore aspiring to happiness； namely； a stable
condition in which one enjoys greater pleasure than pain；〃＇3＇ or；
again； 〃a sensitive being capable of forming rational opinions and of
acquiring moral ideas。〃＇4＇
Anyone （they say）may by himself experience this elementary idea；
and can verify it at the first glance。 Such is the social unit； let
several of these be combined； a thousand； a hundred thousand； a
million； twenty…six millions； and you have the French people。 Men born
at twenty…one years of age； without relations； without a past； without
traditions； without a country； are supposed to be assembled for the
first time and； for the first time； to treat with each other。 In this
position； at the moment of contracting together； all are equal： for；
as the definition states； the extrinsic and spurious qualities through
which alone all differ have been rejected。 All are free； for；
according to the defini