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the origins of contemporary france-1-第117章

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rolled in the gutter。〃



Mercier grows uneasy in the face of the immense populace:



 〃In Paris there are; probably; 200;000 persons with no property

intrinsically worth fifty crowns; and yet the city subsists!〃



Order; consequently; is maintained only through fear and by force;

owing to the soldiery of the watch who are called tristes…à…patte by

the crowd。  〃This nick name enrages this species of militia; who then

deal heavier blows around them; wounding indiscriminately all they

encounter。  The low class is always ready to make war on them because

it has never been fairly treated by them。〃 In fact; 〃a squad of the

guard often scatters; with no trouble; crowds of five or six hundred

men; at first greatly excited; but melting away in the twinkling of an

eye; after the soldiery have distributed a few blows and handcuffed

two or three of the ringleaders。〃  …   Nevertheless; 〃were the people

of Paris abandoned to their true inclinations; did they not feel the

horse and foot guards behind them; the commissary and policeman; there

would be no limits to their disorder。  The populace; delivered from its

customary restraint; would give itself up to violence of so cruel a

stamp as not to know when to stop。  。  。  As long as white bread

lasts;'51' the commotion will not prove general; the flour market'52'

must interest itself in the matter; if the women are to remain

tranquil。  。  。  Should white bread be wanting for two market days in

succession; the uprising would be universal; and it is impossible to

foresee the lengths this multitude at bay will go to in order to

escape famine; they and their children。〃 …In 1789 white bread proves

to be wanting throughout France。



___________________________________________________________________



Notes:



'1' Théron de Montaugé; 102; 113。  In the Toulousain ten parishes

out of fifty have schools。  … In Gascony; says the ass。  prov。  of Auch

(p。  24); 〃most of the rural districts are without schoolmasters or

parsonages。〃 … In 1778; the post between Paris and Toulouse runs only

three times a week; that of Toulouse by way of Alby; Rodez; etc。;

twice a week; for Beaumont; Saint…Girons; etc。; once a week。  〃In the

country;〃 says Théron de Montaugé; 〃one may be said to live in

solitude and exile。〃 In 1789 the Paris post reaches Besan?on three

times a week。  (Arthur Young; I。  257)。



'2' One of the Marquis de Mirabeau's expressions。



'3' Archives nationales; G。  300; letter of an excise director at

Coulommiers; Aug。  13; 1781。



'4' D'Argenson; VI。  425 (June 16; 1751)。



'5' De Montlosier; I。  102; 146。



'6' Théron de Montaugé; 102。



'7' Monsieur Nicolas; I。  448。



'8' 〃Tableaux de la Révolution;〃 by Schmidt; II。  7 (report by the

agent Perriere who lived in Auvergne。)



'9' Gouverneur Morris; II。  69; April 29; 1789。



'10' Mercier; 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。  83。



'11' De Vaublanc; 209。



'12' Mandrin; (Louis) (Saint étienne…de… Saint…Geoirs; Isère; 1724

… Valence; 1755)。  French smuggler who; after 1750; was active over an

enormous territory with the support of the population; hunted down by

the army; caught; condemned to death to be broken alive on the wheel。

(SR。)



'13' Arthur Young; I。  283 (Aug。  13; 1789); I。  289 (Aug。  19; 1789)。



'14' Archives nationales; H; 274。  Letters respectively of M。 de

Caraman (March 18 and April 12; 1789); M。 d'Eymar de Montmegran (April

2); M。 de la Tour (March 30)。  〃The sovereign's greatest benefit is

interpreted in the strangest manner by an ignorant populace。〃



'15' Doniol; 〃Hist。  Des classes rurales;〃 495。  (Letter of Aug。  3;

1789; to M。 de Clermont…Tonnerre)。



'16' Archives nationales; H。  1453。  (Letter of Aug。  3; 1789; to M。

de Clermont…Tonnere)。



'17' Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  Prov。  D'Orléanais;〃 p。  296。〃Distrusts

still prevails throughout the rural districts。  。  。  Your first orders

for departmental assemblies only awakened suspicion in certain

quarters。〃



'18' 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。  186。



'19' Mme。  Vigée…Lebrun; I。  158; (1788); I。  183 (1789)。



'20' Archives nationals; H。  723。  (Letter of M。 de Caumartin;

intendant at Besan?on; Dec。  5; 1788)。



'21' D'Argenson; March 13; 1752。



'22' 〃Corresp。;〃 of Métra; V; 179 (November 22; 1777)。



'23' Beugnot; I。  142。  〃No inhabitant of the barony of Choiseul

mingled with any of the bands composed of the patriots of Montigny;

smugglers and outcasts of the neighborhood。〃 … See; on the poachers of

the day; 〃Les deux amis de Bourbonne;〃 by Diderot。



'24' De Calonne; 〃Mémoires presentés à l'ass。  des notables;〃 No。  8。

…  Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 I。  195。



'25' Letrosne; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 59。



'26' Archives nationales; H。  426。  (Mémoires of the farmers…general;

Jan。  13; 1781; Sept。  15; 1782)。  H; 614。  (Letter of M。 de Coetlosquet;

April 25; 1777)。  H; 1431。  Report by the farmers…general; March 9;

1787。



'27' Archives nationales; H; 1453。  Letter of the Baron de Bezenval;

June 19; 1789。



'28' 〃Mandrin;〃 by Paul Simian; passim。  …  〃Histoire de Beaume;〃

by Rossignol; p。  453。  … 〃Mandrin;〃 by Ch。  Jarrin (1875)。  Major Fisher;

who attacks and disperses the gang; writes that the affair is urgent

since; 〃higher to the North near Forez; one can find two or three

hundred vagrants who only wait for a chance to unite with them。〃

(p。47。)



'29' Mercier; XI。  116。



'30' See above; book I。  p。  55。



'31' Letrosne; ibid。  (1779); p。  539。



'32' Archives nationales; F16; 965; and H; 892。  (Ordinance of

August 4 1764; a circular of instructions of July 20; 1767; a letter

of a police lieutenant of Toulouse; September 21; 1787)。



'33' Archives nationales; H; 724; H; 554; F4 2397; F16 965。  …

Letters of the jailers of Carcassonne (June 22; 1789); of Béziers

(July 19; 1786); of Nimes (July 1; 1786); of the intendant; M。 d'Aine

(March 19; 1786)。



'34' Archives nationales; H; 554。  (Letter of M。 de Bertrand;

intendant of Rennes; August 7; 1785)。



'35' Archives nationales; H; 426。  (Remonstrances; Feb。  1783)。  … H;

554。  (Letter of M。 de Bertrand; Aug。  17; 1785)。



'36' Archives nationales; H; 614 (Mémoire by René de Hauteville;

parliamentary advocate; Saint…Brieuc; Dec。  25; 1776。)



'37' 〃Process…verbaux de l'ass。  Prov。  de Soissonnais〃 (1787) p。

457。



'38' Archives nationales; H; 616 (A letter of M。 De Boves;

intendant of Rennes; April 23; 1774)。



'39' Périn; 〃La Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 301。  (Doléances des

parroisses rurales en 1789)。



'40' Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvern。  de Normandie;〃 VII。  147…177 (1789)。  …

Boivin…Champeaux; 〃Notice hist。  sur la Révolution dans le département

de l'Eure;〃 p。  83 (1789)。



'41' Théron de Montaugé; p。  87。  (Letter of the prior of the

convent; March; 1789)。



'42' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'Ass。  prov。  de Lyonnais;〃 p。57。  …

Archives nationales; F4; 2073。  Memorandum of Jan。  24; 1788。

〃Charitable assistance is very limited; the provincial authorities

providing no resources for such accidents。〃



'43' Levasseur; 〃La France industrielle;〃 119。  …  In 1862; the

population being almost triple (1 696 000) there are but 90 000

paupers。



'44' Albert Babeau; 〃Hist。  de Troyes;〃 I。  91。  (Letter of the mayor

Huez; July 30; 1788)。



'45' Floquet; VII; 506。



'46' Archives nationales; H; 1453。  (Letter of M。 de Sainte…Suzanne;

April 29; 1789)。



'47' Arthur Young; I。  256。



'48' 〃Correspond。  secrèt inédite;〃 from 1777 to 1792; published by

M。 de Lescure; II。  351 (May 8; 1789)。  Cf。  C。  Desmoulins; 〃La

Lanterne;〃 of 100 rioters arrested at Lyons 96 were branded。



'49' De Bezenval; II。  344; 350。  … Dussault; 〃La Prise de la

Bastille;〃 352。  … Marmontel; II; ch。  XIV; 249。  Mme。  Vigée…Lebrun; I。

177; 188。



'50' Mercier; I。  32; VI。  15; X。  179; XI。  59; XII。  83。  …  Arthur

Young; I。  122。



'51' In the original; pain de Gonesse;  …  bread; made in a village

of this name near Paris; and renowned for its whiteness。  …  TR。



'52' 〃Dialogues sur le commerce des blés;〃 by Galiani (1770)。  〃If

the strong of the markets are content; no misfortune will happen to

the administration。  The great conspire and rebel; the bourgeois

murmurs and lives a celibate; peasants and artisans despair and go

away; porters get up riots。〃













CHAPTER IV。  The Armed Forces。



I。



Military force declines。  …  How the army is recruited。  …  How the

soldier is treated。



  Against universal sedition where is force? … The measures and

dispositions which govern the 150;000 men who maintain order are the

same as those ruling the 26 millions people subject to it。  We find

here the same abuses; disaffection; and other causes for the

dissolution of the nation which; in their turn; will dissolve the

army。



Of the 90 millions of pay'1' which 
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