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r…fowl before they were transformed into men。 （Captain G。 Grey； 〃A Vocabulary of the Dialects of South Western Australia〃； Second Edition （London； 1840）； pages 29； 37； 61； 63； 66； 71。） The Dieri tribe of Central Australia； who are divided into totemic clans； explain their origin by the following legend。 They say that in the beginning the earth opened in the midst of Perigundi Lake； and the totems （murdus or madas） came trooping out one after the other。 Out came the crow； and the shell parakeet； and the emu； and all the rest。 Being as yet imperfectly formed and without members or organs of sense； they laid themselves down on the sandhills which surrounded the lake then just as they do now。 It was a bright day and the totems lay basking in the sunshine； till at last； refreshed and invigorated by it； they stood up as human beings and dispersed in all directions。 That is why people of the same totem are now scattered all over the country。 You may still see the island in the lake out of which the totems came trooping long ago。 （A。W。 Howitt； 〃Native Tribes of South…East Australia〃 （London； 1904）； pages 476； 779 sq。） Another Dieri legend relates how Paralina； one of the Mura…Muras or mythical predecessors of the Dieri； perfected mankind。 He was out hunting kangaroos； when he saw four incomplete beings cowering together。 So he went up to them； smoothed their bodies； stretched out their limbs； slit up their fingers and toes； formed their mouths； noses； and eyes； stuck ears on them； and blew into their ears in order that they might hear。 Having perfected their organs and so produced mankind out of these rudimentary beings； he went about making men everywhere。 （A。W。 Howitt op。 cit。； pages 476； 780 sq。） Yet another Dieri tradition sets forth how the Mura…Mura produced the race of man out of a species of small black lizards； which may still be met with under dry bark。 To do this he divided the feet of the lizards into fingers and toes； and； applying his forefinger to the middle of their faces； created a nose； likewise he gave them human eyes； mouths and ears。 He next set one of them upright； but it fell down again because of its tail； so he cut off its tail and the lizard then walked on its hind legs。 That is the origin of mankind。 （S。 Gason； 〃The Manners and Customs of the Dieyerie tribe of Australian Aborigines〃； 〃Native Tribes of South Australia〃 （Adelaide； 1879）； page 260。 This writer fell into the mistake of regarding the Mura…Mura （Mooramoora） as a Good…Spirit instead of as one of the mythical but more or less human predecessors of the Dieri in the country。 See A。W。 Howitt； 〃Native Tribes of South…East Australia〃； pages 475 sqq。）
The Arunta tribe of Central Australia similarly tell how in the beginning mankind was developed out of various rudimentary forms of animal life。 They say that in those days two beings called Ungambikula； that is； 〃out of nothing；〃 or 〃self…existing；〃 dwelt in the western sky。 From their lofty abode they could see； far away to the east； a number of inapertwa creatures； that is； rudimentary human beings or incomplete men； whom it was their mission to make into real men and women。 For at that time there were no real men and women； the rudimentary creatures （inapertwa） were of various shapes and dwelt in groups along the shore of the salt water which covered the country。 These embryos； as we may call them； had no distinct limbs or organs of sight； hearing； and smell； they did not eat food； and they presented the appearance of human beings all doubled up into a rounded mass； in which only the outline of the different parts of the body could be vaguely perceived。 Coming down from their home in the western sky； armed with great stone knives； the Ungambikula took hold of the embryos； one after the other。 First of all they released the arms from the bodies； then making four clefts at the end of each arm they fashioned hands and fingers； afterwards legs； feet； and toes were added in the same way。 The figure could now stand； a nose was then moulded and the nostrils bored with the fingers。 A cut with the knife made the mouth； which was pulled open several times to render it flexible。 A slit on each side of the face separated the upper and lower eye…lids； disclosing the eyes； which already existed behind them； and a few strokes more completed the body。 Thus out of the rudimentary creatures were formed men and women。 These rudimentary creatures or embryos； we are told； 〃were in reality stages in the transformation of various animals and plants into human beings； and thus they were naturally； when made into human beings； intimately associated with the particular animal or plant； as the case may be； of which they were the transformationsin other words； each individual of necessity belonged to a totem； the name of which was of course that of the animal or plant of which he or she was a transformation。〃 However； it is not said that all the totemic clans of the Arunta were thus developed； no such tradition； for example； is told to explain the origin of the important Witchetty Grub clan。 The clans which are positively known； or at least said； to have originated out of embryos in the way described are the Plum Tree； the Grass Seed； the Large Lizard； the Small Lizard； the Alexandra Parakeet； and the Small Rat clans。 When the Ungambikula had thus fashioned people of these totems； they circumcised them all； except the Plum Tree men； by means of a fire…stick。 After that； having done the work of creation or evolution； the Ungambikula turned themselves into little lizards which bear a name meaning 〃snappers…up of flies。〃 （Baldwin Spencer and F。J。 Gillen； 〃Native Tribes of Central Australia （London； 1899）； pages 388 sq。； compare id。； 〃Northern Tribes of Central Australia〃 （London； 1904）； page 150。）
This Arunta tradition of the origin of man； as Messrs Spencer and Gillen； who have recorded it； justly observe； 〃is of considerable interest； it is in the first place evidently a crude attempt to describe the origin of human beings out of non…human creatures who were of various forms； some of them were representatives of animals； others of plants； but in all cases they are to be regarded as intermediate stages in the transition of an animal or plant ancestor into a human individual who bore its name as that of his or her totem。〃 （Baldwin Spencer and F。J。 Gillen； 〃Native Tribes of Central Australia〃； pages 391 sq。） In a sense these speculations of the Arunta on their own origin may be said to combine the theory of creation with the theory of evolution； for while they represent men as developed out of much simpler forms of life； they at the same time assume that this development was effected by the agency of two powerful beings； whom so far we may call creators。 It is well known that at a far higher stage of culture a crude form of the evolutionary hypothesis was propounded by the Greek philosopher Empedocles。 He imagined that shapeless lumps of earth and water； thrown up by the subterranean fires； developed into monstrous animals； bulls with the heads of men； men with the heads of bulls； and so forth； till at last； these hybrid forms being gradually eliminated； the various existing species of animals and men were evolved。 （E。 Zeller； 〃Die Philosophie der Griechen〃； I。4 （Leipsic； 1876）； pages 718 sq。； H。 Ritter et L。 Preller； 〃Historia Philosophiae Graecae et Romanae ex fontium locis contexta〃5； pages 102 sq。 H。 Diels； 〃Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker〃2； I。 （Berlin； 1906）； pages 190 sqq。 Compare Lucretius 〃De rerum natura〃； V。 837 sqq。） The theory of the civilised Greek of Sicily may be set beside the similar theory of the savage Arunta of Central Australia。 Both represent gropings of the human mind in the dark abyss of the past； both were in a measure grotesque anticipations of the modern theory of evolution。
In this essay I have made no attempt to illustrate all the many various and divergent views which primitive man has taken of his own origin。 I have confined myself to collecting examples of two radically different views； which may be distinguished as the theory of creation and the theory of evolution。 According to the one； man was fashioned in his existing shape by a god or other powerful being； according to the other he was evolved by a natural process out of lower forms of animal life。 Roughly speaking； these two theories still divide the civilised world between them。 The partisans of each can appeal in support of their view to a large consensus of opinion； and if truth were to be decided by weighing the one consensus against the other； with 〃Genesis〃 in the one scale and 〃The Origin of Species〃 in the other； it might perhaps be found； when the scales were finally trimmed； that the balance hung very even between creation and evolution。
X。 THE INFLUENCE OF DARWIN ON THE STUDY OF ANIMAL EMBRYOLOGY。
By A。 SEDGWICK； M。A。； F。R。S。 Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cambridge。
The publication of 〃The Origin of Species〃 ushered in a new era in the study of Embryology。 Whereas； before the year 1859 the facts of anatomy and development were loosely held together by the theory of types； which owed its origin to the great anatomists of the preceding generati