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the spirit of laws-第168章

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61。 Book i; form。 13。

62。 Tit。 44。 See also tit。 66; §§ 3; 4; and tit。 74。

63。 Tit。 11。

64。 See also the law of the Ripuarians; tit。 7; and the Salic law; tit。 44; art。 1 and 4。

65。 Salic law; tit。 59 and 76。

66。 Ibid。

67。 Ibid。; tit。 59; § 1。

68。 Ibid。; tit。 76; § 1。

69。 Ibid。; tit。 56 and 59。

70。 Ibid。; tit。 76; § 1。

71。 Ibid。; § 2。

72。 Apud vernis palatium; in the year 883; art。 4 and 11。

73。 Capitulary of Charlemagne; second of the year 812; art。 1 and 3。

74。 Heribannum。

75。 Non infirmis reliquit h?redibus; says Lambert d'Ardres in Du Cange; on the word alodis。

76。 See those quoted by Du Cange; in the word alodis; and those produced by Galland; in his Treatise on Allodial Lands; p。 14; ff。

77。 Second Capitulary of the year 802; art。 10; and the seventh Capitulary of the year 803; art。 3; the first Capitulary; incerti anni; art。 49; the fifth Capitulary of the year 806; art。 7; the Capitulary of the year 779; art。 29; the Capitulary of Louis the Pious; in the year 829; art。 1。

78。 The fifth of the year 806; art。 8。

79。 In Gregory of Tours; vi。 46。

80。 This is what induced him to annul the testaments made in favour of the clergy; and even the donations of his father; Gontram re…established them; and even made new donations。  Gregory of Tours; vii。 7。

81。 See the Annals of Metz; year 687。

82。 See the Annals of Metz。

83。 In Gregory of Tours。

84。 From Chronica Centulensi; ii。

85。 See the Annals of Metz。

86。 Ibid。; year 741。

87。 Year 858; in Carisiacus; Baluzius's edition; ii; p。 101。

88。 Ibid。; ii; art。 7; p。 109。

89。 Precaria; quod precibus utendum conceditur; says Cujas; in his notes upon the first Book of Fiefs。 I find in a diploma of King Pepin; dated the third year of his reign; that this prince was not the first who established these precaria; he cites one made by the Mayor Ebroin; and continued after his time。 See the diploma of the king; in the Historians of France by the Benedictines; v; art。 6。

90。 In the year 743; see the 5th book of the Capitularies; art。 3; Baluzius's edition; p。 825。

91。 That of Metz; in the year 736; art。 4。

92。 See his Capitulary; in the year 803; given at Worms; Baluzius's edition; p。 411; where he regulates the precarious contract; and that of Frankfort; in the year 794; p。 267; art。 24; in relation to the repairing of the houses; and that of the year 800; p。 330。

93。 As appears by the preceding note; and by the Capitulary of Pepin; King of Italy; where it says; that the king would give the monasteries in fief to those who would swear allegiance for fiefs: it is added to the law of the Lombards; iii; tit。 1; § 30; and to the Salic Law; Collection of Pepin's Laws in Echard; p。 195; tit。 26; art。 4。

94。 See the constitution of Lotharius I; in the law of the Lombards; iii。 Leg。 1; § 43。

95。 Ibid。; § 44。

96。 Ibid。

97。 Given the 28th year of the reign of Charles the Bald; in the year 868。 Baluzius's edition; p。 203。

98。 Concilium apud Bonoilum; the 16th year of Charles the Bald; in the year 856; Baluzius's edition; p。 78。

99。 In the civil wars which broke out at the time of Charles Martel; the lands belonging to the church of Rheims were given away to laymen; 〃the clergy were left to shift as well as they could;〃 says the life of Remigius; Surius; i; p。 279。

100。 Law of the Lombards; iii; tit。 3; §§ 1 and 2。

101。 It is that on which I have descanted in the 4th chapter of this book; and which is to be found in Baluzius's edition of the Capitularies; i; art。 11; p。 9。

102。 The Capitulary of Charlemagne in the year 800; Baluzius's edition; p。 336; explains extremely well what is meant by that sort of tithe from which the church is exempted by Clotharius; it was the tithe of the swine which were put into the king's forests to fatten; and Charlemagne enjoins his judges to pay it; as well as other people; in order to set an example: it is plain that this was a right of seigniory or economy。

103。 Canone 5; ex tomo 1; conciliorum antiquorum Galli? opera Jacobi Sirmundi。

104。 Art。 6; Baluzius's edition; p。 332。 It was given in the year 800。

105。 Held under Charlemagne; in the year 794。

106。 Baluzius's edition; p。 267; art。 23。

107。 See among the rest the capitulary of Louis the Debonnaire in the year 829; Baluzius's edition; p。 663; against those who; to avoid paying tithes neglected to cultivate the lands; &c。; art。 5。

108。 Among others; that of Lotharius; iii; tit。 3; cap。 vi。

109。 In the year 829; art。 7; in Baluzius; i; p。 663。

110。 In the law of the Lombards; iii; tit。 3; § 8。

111。 It is a kind of codicil produced by Eginhard; and different from the will itself; which we find in Goldastus and Baluzius。

112。 See the Capitulary of Charlemagne in the year 803; art。 2; Baluzius's edition; p。 379; and the edict of Louis the Debonnaire in the year 834; in Goldast; Constit。 Impérial。; i。

113。 This is mentioned in the famous canon; ego Ludovicus; which is a palpable forgery; it is Baluzius's edition; p。 591; in the year 817。

114。 As appears by his Capitulary; in the year 801; art。 17; in Baluzius; i; p。 360。

115。 See his constitution; inserted in the code of the Lombards; iii; tit。 1; § 44。

116。 See the above constitution; and the Capitulary of Charles the Bald; in the year 846; cap。 xx。 in Villa Sparnaco; Baluzius's edition; ii。 p。 31; and that of the year 853; cap。 iii and v; in the Synod of Soissons; Baluzius's edition; ii; p。 54; and that of the year 854; apud Attiniacum; cap。 x。 Baluzius's edition; ii; p。 70。 See also the first Capitulary of Charlemagne; incerti anni; art。 49 and 56。 Baluzius's edition; i; p。 519。

117。 See the Capitularies; v。 art。 44; and the edict of Pistes in the year 869; art。 8 and 9; where we find the honorary rights of the lords established; in the same manner as they are at this very day。

121。 Historians of France by the Benedictines; v; p。 9。

122。 Ibid。; p。 10。

123。 In the year 768。

124。 Tom。 ii; lectionis antiqu?。

125。 Edition of the Capitularies; i; p。 188。

126。 In the 1st Capitulary of the year 806。 Baluzius's edition; p。 439; art。 5。

127。 In Goldast; Constit。 Impérial。; ii; p。 19。

128。 Baluzius's edition; p。 574; art。 14。

129。 Capitulary of the year 877。 Baluzius's edition; p。 272。

130。 In Father Labbe's Councils; ix; col。 424; and in Dumont's Corp。 Diplomat。; i; art。 36。

131。 By the mother's side。

132。 See his third Capitulary of the year 811; p。 486; art。 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; and 8; and the first Capitulary of the year 812; p。 490; art。 1; and the Capitulary of the year 812; p。 494; art。 9 and 11; etc。

133。 See the Capitulary de Villis in the year 800; his second Capitulary of the year 813; art。 6 and 19; and the fifth book of the Capitularies; art。 303。

134。 Capitulary de Villis; art。 39。 See this whole Capitulary; which is a masterpiece of prudence; good administration; and economy。

135。 See among others the foundation of the Archbishopric of Bremen; in the Capitulary of the year 789。 Baluzius's edition; p。 245。

136。 For instance; the prohibition of the king's judges against entering upon the territory to demand the freda; and other duties。 I have said a good deal concerning this in the preceding book; 20; 21; 22。

137。 The anonymous author of the Life of Louis the Debonnaire in Duchesne's Collection; tom。 ii; p。 295。

138。 See his trial and the circumstances of his deposition; in Duchesne's Collection; tom。 ii; p。 333。

139。 He directed him to show unlimited clemency (indeficientem misericordiam) to his sisters; his brothers; and his nephews。 Tegan in the collection of Duchesne; ii; p。 276。

140。 See his letters。

141。 See his trial and the circumstances of his deposition; in Duchesne's Collection; ii; p。 331。 See also his life written by Tegan: 〃Tanto enim odio laborabat; ut t?deret eos vita ipsius;〃 says this anonymous author in Duchesne; ii; p。 307。

142。 The anonymous author of the Life of Louis the Debonnaire in Duchesne's Collection; ii; p。 298。

143。 Tegan says that what seldom happened under Charlemagne was a common practice under Louis。

144。 Being desirous to check the nobility; he promoted one Bernard to the place of chamberlain; by which the great lords were exasperated to the highest pitch。

145。 Tegan; De Gestis Ludovici pii。

146。 Nitard; iv; prope finem。

147。 Ibid。

148。 See book xxx。 13。

149。 Hincmar; let。 1; to Louis the Stammerer。

150。 See the fragment of the Chronicle of the Monastery of St。 Sergius of Angers; in Duchesne; ii; p。 401。

151。 See what the bishops say in the synod of the year 845; apud Teudonis villam; art。 4。

152。 See the synod in the year 845; apud Teudonis villam; art。 3 and 4; which gives a very exact description of things; as also; that of the same year; held at the palaces of Vernes; art。 12; and the synod of Beauvais; also in the same year; art。 3; 4; and 6; in the Capitulary in villa Sparnaco; in the year 846; art。 20; and the letter which the bishops assembled at Rheims wrote in 858; to Louis; King of Germany; art。 8。

153。 See the Capitulary in villa Sparnaco; in the year 846。 The nobility had set the King against the bishops; insomuch that he expelled them from the assembl
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