ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡ÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì·¢ÏÖÈκδíÎóÇë¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ð»Ð»£¡£¡ ±¨¸æ´íÎó
¾ÅÉ«Êé¼® ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ½øÈëÊé°É ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©

the common law-µÚ40ÕÂ

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



the¡¡defendant£»¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡him¡¡leave¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡his¡¡books¡¡in¡¡it¡¡until¡¡sold¡£¡¡The¡¡defendant¡¡found¡¡some¡¡bank¡­notes¡¡stuck¡¡in¡¡a¡¡crevice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡safe£»¡¡which¡¡coming¡¡to¡¡the¡¡plaintiff's¡¡ears¡¡he¡¡demanded¡¡the¡¡safe¡¡and¡¡the¡¡money¡£¡¡The¡¡defendant¡¡sent¡¡back¡¡the¡¡safe£»¡¡but¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡give¡¡up¡¡the¡¡money£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡court¡¡sustained¡¡him¡¡in¡¡his¡¡refusal¡£¡¡I¡¡venture¡¡to¡¡think¡¡this¡¡decision¡¡wrong¡£¡¡Nor¡¡would¡¡my¡¡opinion¡¡be¡¡changed¡¡by¡¡assuming£»¡¡what¡¡the¡¡report¡¡does¡¡not¡¡make¡¡perfectly¡¡clear£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡defendant¡¡received¡¡the¡¡safe¡¡as¡¡bailee£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡as¡¡servant¡¡or¡¡agent£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡his¡¡permission¡¡to¡¡use¡¡the¡¡safe¡¡was¡¡general¡£¡¡The¡¡argument¡¡of¡¡the¡¡court¡¡goes¡¡on¡¡the¡¡plaintiff's¡¡not¡¡being¡¡a¡¡finder¡£¡¡The¡¡question¡¡is¡¡whether¡¡he¡¡need¡¡be¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡defendant¡¡had¡¡stolen¡¡the¡¡bills¡¡from¡¡the¡¡safe¡¡while¡¡it¡¡was¡¡in¡¡the¡¡owner's¡¡hands£»¡¡the¡¡property¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been¡¡laid¡¡in¡¡the¡¡safe¡­¡¡owner£»¡¡/2/¡¡or¡¡that¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡maintained¡¡trover¡¡for¡¡them¡¡if¡¡converted¡¡under¡¡those¡¡circumstances¡£¡¡Sir¡¡James¡¡Stephen¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡drawn¡¡a¡¡similar¡¡conclusion¡¡from¡¡Cartwright¡¡v¡£¡¡Green¡¡and¡¡Merry¡¡v¡£¡¡Green£»¡¡/3/¡¡but¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡no¡¡warrant¡¡for¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cases£»¡¡and¡¡still¡¡less¡¡for¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡suggested¡£

It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡understood£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡Durfee¡¡v¡£¡¡Jones¡¡is¡¡perfectly¡¡consistent¡¡with¡¡the¡¡view¡¡here¡¡maintained¡¡of¡¡the¡¡£§226£§¡¡general¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡necessary¡¡intent£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡only¡¡touches¡¡the¡¡subordinate¡¡question£»¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡intent¡¡to¡¡exclude¡¡must¡¡be¡¡directed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡thing£»¡¡or¡¡may¡¡be¡¡even¡¡unconsciously¡¡included¡¡in¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡intent£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡am¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡believe¡£

Thus¡¡far£»¡¡nothing¡¡has¡¡been¡¡said¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡custody¡¡of¡¡servants¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡well¡­known¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡criminal¡¡law£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡servant¡¡who¡¡criminally¡¡converts¡¡property¡¡of¡¡his¡¡master¡¡intrusted¡¡to¡¡him¡¡and¡¡in¡¡his¡¡custody¡¡as¡¡servant£»¡¡is¡¡guilty¡¡of¡¡theft£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡is¡¡deemed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡the¡¡property¡¡from¡¡his¡¡master's¡¡possession¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡equivalent¡¡to¡¡saying¡¡that¡¡a¡¡servant£»¡¡having¡¡the¡¡custody¡¡of¡¡his¡¡master's¡¡property¡¡as¡¡servant£»¡¡has¡¡not¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡that¡¡property£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡so¡¡stated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Year¡¡Books¡£¡¡/1/

The¡¡anomalous¡¡distinction¡¡according¡¡to¡¡which£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡servant¡¡receives¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡from¡¡another¡¡person¡¡for¡¡his¡¡master£»¡¡the¡¡servant¡¡has¡¡the¡¡possession£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡cannot¡¡commit¡¡theft£»¡¡/2/¡¡is¡¡made¡¡more¡¡rational¡¡by¡¡the¡¡old¡¡cases¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡distinction¡¡taken¡¡in¡¡them¡¡is£»¡¡that£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡servant¡¡is¡¡in¡¡the¡¡house¡¡or¡¡with¡¡his¡¡master£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡retains¡¡possession£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡he¡¡delivers¡¡his¡¡horse¡¡to¡¡his¡¡servant¡¡to¡¡ride¡¡to¡¡market£»¡¡or¡¡gives¡¡him¡¡a¡¡bag¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡to¡¡London£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡is¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡master's¡¡possession¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡servant's¡£¡¡/3/¡¡In¡¡this¡¡more¡¡intelligible¡¡form£»¡¡the¡¡rule¡¡would¡¡not¡¡now¡¡prevail¡£¡¡But¡¡one¡¡half¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡guest¡¡at¡¡a¡¡tavern¡¡has¡¡not¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plate¡¡with¡¡which¡¡he¡¡is¡¡served£»¡¡is¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡still¡¡law£»¡¡£§227£§¡¡for¡¡guests¡¡in¡¡general¡¡are¡¡likened¡¡to¡¡servants¡¡in¡¡their¡¡legal¡¡position¡£¡¡/1/

There¡¡are¡¡few¡¡English¡¡decisions£»¡¡outside¡¡the¡¡criminal¡¡on¡¡the¡¡question¡¡whether¡¡a¡¡servant¡¡has¡¡possession¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡Year¡¡Books¡¡do¡¡not¡¡suggest¡¡any¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡civil¡¡and¡¡criminal¡¡cases£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡almost¡¡tradition¡¡of¡¡courts¡¡and¡¡approved¡¡writers¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡not£»¡¡in¡¡any¡¡case¡£¡¡A¡¡master¡¡has¡¡maintained¡¡trespass¡¡against¡¡a¡¡servant¡¡for¡¡converting¡¡cloth¡¡which¡¡he¡¡was¡¡employed¡¡to¡¡sell£»¡¡/2/¡¡and¡¡the¡¡American¡¡cases¡¡go¡¡the¡¡full¡¡length¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡doctrine¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡often¡¡been¡¡remarked¡¡£»hat¡¡a¡¡servant¡¡must¡¡be¡¡distinguished¡¡from¡¡a¡¡bailee¡£

But¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡asked¡¡how¡¡the¡¡denial¡¡of¡¡possession¡¡to¡¡servants¡¡can¡¡be¡¡made¡¡to¡¡agree¡¡with¡¡the¡¡test¡¡proposed£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡said¡¡with¡¡truth¡¡that¡¡the¡¡servant¡¡has¡¡as¡¡much¡¡the¡¡intent¡¡to¡¡exclude¡¡the¡¡world¡¡at¡¡large¡¡as¡¡a¡¡borrower¡£¡¡The¡¡law¡¡of¡¡servants¡¡is¡¡unquestionably¡¡at¡¡variance¡¡with¡¡that¡¡test£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡built¡¡their¡¡theories¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡law¡¡have¡¡been¡¡led¡¡by¡¡this¡¡fact£»¡¡coupled¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡doctrine¡¡as¡¡to¡¡bailees¡¡in¡¡general£»¡¡to¡¡seek¡¡the¡¡formula¡¡of¡¡reconciliation¡¡where¡¡they¡¡have¡£¡¡But£»¡¡in¡¡truth£»¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡servants¡¡stands¡¡on¡¡purely¡¡historical¡¡grounds¡£¡¡A¡¡servant¡¡is¡¡denied¡¡possession£»¡¡not¡¡from¡¡any¡¡peculiarity¡¡of¡¡intent¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡things¡¡in¡¡his¡¡custody£»¡¡either¡¡towards¡¡his¡¡master¡¡or¡¡other¡¡people£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡he¡¡is¡¡distinguished¡¡£§228£§¡¡from¡¡a¡¡depositary£»¡¡but¡¡simply¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡incidents¡¡of¡¡his¡¡status¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡familiar¡¡that¡¡the¡¡status¡¡of¡¡a¡¡servant¡¡maintains¡¡many¡¡marks¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡slave¡£¡¡The¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡the¡¡master¡¡for¡¡his¡¡torts¡¡is¡¡one¡¡instance¡£¡¡The¡¡present¡¡is¡¡another¡£¡¡A¡¡slave's¡¡possession¡¡was¡¡his¡¡owner's¡¡possession¡¡on¡¡the¡¡practical¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡the¡¡owner's¡¡power¡¡over¡¡him£»¡¡/1/¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡slave¡¡had¡¡no¡¡standing¡¡before¡¡the¡¡law¡£¡¡The¡¡notion¡¡that¡¡his¡¡personality¡¡was¡¡merged¡¡in¡¡that¡¡of¡¡his¡¡family¡¡head¡¡survived¡¡the¡¡era¡¡of¡¡emancipation¡£

I¡¡have¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡Lecture¡¡/2/¡¡that¡¡agency¡¡arose¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earlier¡¡relation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡law£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡extension¡¡pro¡¡hac¡¡vice¡¡to¡¡a¡¡freeman¡¡of¡¡conceptions¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡that¡¡source¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡of¡¡our¡¡own¡¡law£»¡¡the¡¡later¡¡development¡¡of¡¡which¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡largely¡¡under¡¡Roman¡¡influence¡£¡¡As¡¡late¡¡as¡¡Blackstone£»¡¡agents¡¡appear¡¡under¡¡the¡¡general¡¡head¡¡of¡¡servants£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡first¡¡precedents¡¡cited¡¡for¡¡the¡¡peculiar¡¡law¡¡of¡¡agents¡¡were¡¡cases¡¡of¡¡master¡¡and¡¡servant¡£¡¡Blackstone's¡¡language¡¡is¡¡worth¡¡quoting£º¡¡¡¨There¡¡is¡¡yet¡¡a¡¡fourth¡¡species¡¡of¡¡servants£»¡¡if¡¡they¡¡may¡¡be¡¡so¡¡called£»¡¡being¡¡rather¡¡in¡¡a¡¡superior£»¡¡a¡¡ministerial¡¡capacity£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡stewards£»¡¡factors£»¡¡and¡¡bailiffs£º¡¡whom£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡law¡¡considers¡¡as¡¡servants¡¡pro¡¡tempore£»¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡such¡¡of¡¡their¡¡acts¡¡as¡¡affect¡¡their¡¡master's¡¡or¡¡employer's¡¡property¡£¡¨¡¡/3/

£§229£§¡¡It¡¡is¡¡very¡¡true¡¡that¡¡in¡¡modern¡¡times¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡either¡¡relationmaster¡¡and¡¡servant¡¡or¡¡principal¡¡and¡¡agent¡¡may¡¡be¡¡accounted¡¡for¡¡as¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡acts¡¡done¡¡by¡¡the¡¡master¡¡himself¡£¡¡If¡¡a¡¡man¡¡tells¡¡another¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡contract¡¡in¡¡his¡¡name£»¡¡or¡¡commands¡¡him¡¡to¡¡commit¡¡a¡¡tort£»¡¡no¡¡special¡¡conception¡¡is¡¡needed¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡why¡¡he¡¡is¡¡held£»¡¡although¡¡even¡¡in¡¡such¡¡cases£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡intermediate¡¡party¡¡was¡¡a¡¡freeman£»¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡was¡¡not¡¡reached¡¡until¡¡the¡¡law¡¡had¡¡become¡¡somewhat¡¡mature¡£¡¡But£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡title¡¡Agency¡¡deserves¡¡to¡¡stand¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡because¡¡some¡¡peculiar¡¡consequences¡¡are¡¡attached¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡the¡¡relation¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡power¡¡to¡¡bind¡¡a¡¡principal¡¡to¡¡an¡¡authorized¡¡contract¡¡were¡¡all£»¡¡we¡¡might¡¡as¡¡well¡¡have¡¡a¡¡chapter¡¡on¡¡ink¡¡and¡¡paper¡¡as¡¡on¡¡agents¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡all¡£¡¡Even¡¡in¡¡the¡¡domain¡¡of¡¡contract£»¡¡we¡¡find¡¡the¡¡striking¡¡doctrine¡¡that¡¡an¡¡undisclosed¡¡principal¡¡has¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡obligations¡¡of¡¡a¡¡known¡¡contractor£»that¡¡he¡¡can¡¡be¡¡sued£»¡¡and£»¡¡more¡¡remarkable£»¡¡can¡¡sue¡¡on¡¡his¡¡agent's¡¡contract¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡precedent¡¡cited¡¡for¡¡the¡¡proposition¡¡that¡¡a¡¡promise¡¡to¡¡an¡¡agent¡¡may¡¡be¡¡laid¡¡as¡¡a¡¡promise¡¡to¡¡the¡¡principal£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡case¡¡of¡¡master¡¡and¡¡servant¡£¡¡/1/

As¡¡my¡¡present¡¡object¡¡is¡¡only¡¡to¡¡show¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡identification¡¡in¡¡its¡¡bearing¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡possession£»

it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡out¡¡of¡¡place¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡at¡¡any¡¡length¡¡how¡¡far¡¡that¡¡doctrine¡¡must¡¡be¡¡invoked¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡the¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡principals¡¡for¡¡their¡¡agents'¡¡torts£»¡¡or¡¡whether¡¡a¡¡more¡¡reasonable¡¡rule¡¡governs¡¡other¡¡cases¡¡than¡¡that¡¡applied¡¡where¡¡the¡¡actor¡¡has¡¡a¡¡tolerably¡¡defined¡¡status¡¡as¡¡a¡¡£§230£§¡¡servant¡£¡¡I¡¡allow¡¡myself¡¡a¡¡few¡¡words£»¡¡because¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the¡¡subject¡£

If¡¡the¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡a¡¡master¡¡for¡¡the¡¡torts¡¡of¡¡his¡¡servant¡¡had¡¡hitherto¡¡been¡¡recognized¡¡by¡¡the¡¡courts¡¡as¡¡the¡¡decaying¡¡remnant¡¡of¡¡an¡¡obsolete¡¡institution£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡surprising¡¡to¡¡find¡¡it¡¡confined¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cases¡¡settled¡¡by¡¡ancient¡¡precedent¡£¡¡But¡¡such¡¡has¡¡not¡¡been¡¡the¡¡fact¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡extended¡¡to¡¡new¡¡relations¡¡by¡¡analogy£»¡¡/1/¡¡It¡¡exists¡¡where¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡does¡¡not¡¡stand¡¡in¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡of¡¡paterfamilias¡¡to¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡wrong¡­doer¡£¡¡/2/¡¡A¡¡man¡¡may¡¡be¡¡held¡¡for¡¡another¡¡where¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡was¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡transitory¡¡nature¡¡as¡¡to¡¡exclude¡¡the¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡status£»¡¡as¡¡for¡¡the¡¡negligence¡¡of¡¡another¡¡person's¡¡servant¡¡momentarily¡¡acting¡¡for¡¡the¡¡defendant£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡a¡¡neighbor¡¡helping¡¡him¡¡as¡¡a¡¡volunteer£»¡¡/3/¡¡and£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡known£»¡¡no¡¡principal¡¡has¡¡ever¡¡escaped¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dignity¡¡of¡¡his¡¡agent's¡¡employment¡£¡¡/4/¡¡The¡¡courts¡¡habitually¡¡speak¡¡as¡¡if¡¡the¡¡same¡¡rules¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡brokers¡¡and¡¡other¡¡agents£»¡¡as¡¡to¡¡servants¡¡properly¡¡so¡¡called¡£¡¡/5/¡¡Indeed£»¡¡it¡¡£§231£§¡¡has¡¡been¡¡laid¡¡down¡¡in¡¡terms£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡employers¡¡is¡¡not¡¡confined¡¡to¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡servants£»¡¡/1/¡¡although¡¡the¡¡usual¡¡cases¡¡are£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡those¡¡of¡¡menial¡¡servants£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡like£»¡¡who¡¡could¡¡not¡¡pay¡¡a¡¡large¡¡verdict¡£

On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡peculiar¡¡doctrines¡¡of¡¡agency¡¡are¡¡anomalous£»¡¡and¡¡form£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡believe£»¡¡the¡¡vanishing¡¡point¡¡of¡¡the¡¡servile¡¡status£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡well¡¡happen¡¡that¡¡common¡¡sense¡¡will¡¡refuse¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡them¡¡out¡¡to¡¡their¡¡furthest¡¡applications¡£¡¡Such¡¡conflicts¡¡between¡¡tradition¡¡and¡¡the¡¡instinct¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡we¡¡may¡¡see¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡identifying¡¡a¡¡principal¡¡who¡¡knows¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡with¡¡an¡¡agent¡¡who¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡false¡¡representation£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡make¡¡out¡¡a¡¡fraud£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡Cornfoot¡¡v¡£¡¡Fowke£»¡¡/2/¡¡or¡¡upon¡¡that¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡a¡¡principal¡¡for¡¡the¡¡frauds¡¡of¡¡his¡¡agent¡¡discussed¡¡in¡¡many¡¡English¡¡cases¡£¡¡/3/¡¡But£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡fiction¡¡which¡¡makes¡¡the¡¡root¡¡of¡¡a¡¡master's¡¡liability¡¡is¡¡left¡¡alive£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡as¡¡hopeless¡¡to¡¡reconcile¡¡the¡¡differences¡¡by¡¡logic¡¡as¡¡to¡¡square¡¡the¡¡circle¡£

In¡¡an¡¡article¡¡in¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Law¡¡Review¡¡/4/¡¡I¡¡referred¡¡£§232£§¡¡to¡¡an¡¡expression¡¡of¡¡Godefroi¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡agents£»¡¡eadem¡¡est¡¡pers
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
δÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡