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the origins of contemporary france-2-第26章

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the electors; and are only stayed in their course by the arrival of

the National Guard。



The people not only sentence but they execute; and; as is always the

case; blindly。  At Saint…Denis; Chatel; the mayor's lieutenant;

whose duty it is to distribute flour; had reduced the price of bread

at his own expense: on the 3rd of August his house is forced open at

two o'clock in the morning; and he takes refuge in a steeple; the

mob follow him; cut his throat and drag his head along the streets。

 Not only do the people execute; but they pardon  and with equal

discernment。  On the 11th of August; at Versailles; as a parricide

is about to be broken on the wheel; the crowd demand his release;

fly at the executioner; and set the man free。'9'  Veritably this is

sovereign power like that of the oriental sovereign who arbitrarily

awards life or death! A woman who protests against this scandalous

pardon is seized and comes near being hung; for the new monarch

considers as a crime whatever is offensive to his new majesty。

Again; he receives public and humble homage。  The Prime Minister; on

imploring the pardon of M。 de Bezenval at the H?tel…de…Ville; in the

presence of the electors and of the public; has put it in

appropriate words:



 〃It is before the most unknown; the obscurest citizen of Paris that

I prostrate myself; at whose feet I kneel。〃



A few days before this; at Saint…Germain…en…Laye; and at Poissy; the

deputies of the National Assembly not only kneel down in words; but

actually; and for a long time; on the pavement in the street; and

stretch forth their hands; weeping; to save two lives of which only

one is granted to them。  …  Behold the monarch by these brilliant

signs! Already do the young; who are eager imitators of all actions

that are in fashion; ape them in miniature; during the month which

follows the murder of Berthier and Foulon; Bailly is informed that

the gamins in the streets are parading about with the heads of two

cats stuck on the ends of two poles。'10'



 II。  。



The distress of the people。  … The dearth and the lack of work。  …

How men of executive ability are recruited。



A pitiable monarch; whose recognized sovereignty leaves him more

miserable than he was before! Bread is always scarce; and before the

baker's doors the row of waiting people does not diminish。  In vain

Bailly passes his nights with the committee on supplies; they are

always in a state of terrible anxiety。  Every morning for two months

there is only one or two days' supply of flour; and often; in the

evening; there is not enough for the following morning。'11'  The

life of the capital depends on a convoy which is ten; fifteen;

twenty leagues off; and which may never arrive: one convoy of twenty

carts is pillaged on the 18th of July; on the Rouen road; another;

on the 4th of August; in the vicinity of Louviers。  Were it not for

Salis' Swiss regiment; which; from the 14th of July to the end of

September; marches day and night as an escort; not a boat…load of

grain would reach Paris from Rouen。'12'  The commissaries charged

with making purchases or with supervising the expeditions are in

danger of their lives。  Those who are sent to provinces are seized;

and a column of four hundred men with cannon has to be dispatched to

deliver them。  The one who is sent to Rouen learns that he will be

hung if he dares to enter the place。  At Mantes a mob surrounds his

cabriolet; the people regarding whoever comes there for the purpose

of carrying away grain as a public pest; he escapes with difficulty

out of a back door and returns on foot to Paris。   From the very

beginning; according to a universal rule; the fear of a short supply

helps to augment the famine。  Every one lays in a stock for several

days; on one occasion sixteen loaves of four pounds each are found

in an old woman's garret。  The bakings; consequently; which are

estimated according to the quantity needed for a single day; become

inadequate; and the last of those who wait at the bakers' shops for

bread return home empty…handed。   On the other hand the

appropriations made by the city and the State to diminish the price

of bread simply serve to lengthen the rows of those who wait for it;

the countrymen flock in thither; and return home loaded to their

villages。  At Saint…Denis; bread having been reduced to two sous the

pound; none is left for the inhabitants。  To this constant anxiety

add that of unemployment。  Not only is there no certainty of there

being bread at the bakers' during the coming week; but many know

that they will not have money in the coming week with which to buy

bread。  Now that security has disappeared and the rights of property

are shaken; work is wanting。  The rich; deprived of their feudal

dues; and; in addition thereto of their rents; have reduced their

expenditure; many of them; threatened by the committee of

investigation; exposed to domiciliary visits; and liable to be

informed against by their servants; have emigrated。  In the month of

September M。 Necker laments the delivery of six thousand passports

in fifteen days to the wealthiest inhabitants。  In the month of

October ladies of high rank; refugees in Rome; send word that their

domestics should be discharged and their daughters placed in

convents。  Before the end of 1789 there are so many fugitives in

Switzerland that a house; it is said; brings in more rent than it is

worth as capital。  With this first emigration; which is that of the

chief spendthrifts; the Count d'Artois; Prince de Conti; Duc de

Bourbon; and so many others; the opulent foreigners have left; and;

at the head of them; the Duchesse de l'Infantado; who spent 800;000

livres a year。  There are only three Englishmen in Paris。



It used to be a city of luxury; it was the European hot…house of

costly and refined pleasures; but once the glass was broken then the

delicate plants perish; their lovers leave; and there is no

employment now for the innumerable hands which cultivated them。

Fortunate are they who at the relief works obtain a miserable sum by

handling a pick…axe! 〃I saw;〃 says Bailly; 〃mercers; jewellers; and

merchants implore the favor of being employed at twenty sous the

day。〃 Enumerate; if you can; in one or two recognized callings; the

hands which are doing nothing:'13'  1;200 hair…dressers keep about

6;000 journeymen; 2;000 others follow the same calling in private…

houses; 6;000 lackeys do but little else than this work。  The body

of tailors is composed of 2;800 masters; who have under them 5;000

workmen。  〃Add to these the number privately employed  the

refugees in privileged places like the abbeys of Saint…Germain and

Saint…Marcel; the vast enclosure of the Temple; that of Saint…John

the Lateran; and the Faubourg Saint…Antoine; and you will find at

least 12;000 persons cutting; fitting; and sewing。〃 How many in

these two groups are now idle! How many others are walking the

streets; such as upholsterers; lace…makers; embroiderers; fan…

makers; gilders; carnage…makers; binders; engravers; and all the

other producers of Parisian nick…nacks! For those who are still at

work how many days are lost at the doors of bakers' shops and in

patrolling as National Guards! Gatherings are formed in spite of the

prohibitions of the H?tel…de…Ville;'14' and the crowd openly discuss

their miserable condition: 3;000 journeymen…tailors near the

Colonnade; as many journeymen…shoemakers in the Place Louis XV。; the

journeymen…hairdressers in the Champs…Elysees; 4;000 domestics

without places on the approaches to the Louvre;  and their

propositions are on a level with their intelligence。  Servants

demand the expulsion from Paris of the Savoyards who enter into

competition with them。  Journeymen…tailors demand that a day's wages

be fixed at forty sous; and that the old…clothes dealers shall not

be allowed to make new ones。  The journeymen…shoemakers declare that

those who make shoes below the fixed price shall be driven out of

the kingdom。  Each of these irritated and agitated crowds contains

the germ of an outbreak  and; in truth; these germs are found on

every pavement in Paris: at the relief works; which at Montmartre

collect 17;000 paupers; in the Market; where the bakers want to hang

the flour commissioners; and at the doors of the bakers; of whom

two; on the 14th of September and on the 5th of October; are

conducted to the lamp post and barely escape with their lives。  In

this suffering; mendicant crowd; enterprising men become more

numerous every day: they consist of deserters; and from every

regiment; they reach Paris in bands; often 250 in one day。  There;

〃caressed and fed to the top of their bent;〃'15' having received

from the National Assembly 50 livres each; maintained by the King in

the enjoyment of their advance…money; entertained by the districts;

of which one alone incurs a debt of 14;000 livres for wine and

sausages furnished to them; 〃they ac
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